1. THE REFORMATION
A movement of religious change & new churches; reform Christian religion

2. Problems in the Catholic Church
Clergy marrying, fathering children, gambling, drinking, abusing power
Misappropriating funds
Illiteracy
*Selling indulgences (pardons for sins)

3. Martin Luther
became a monk in 1505, b/cm a professor of theology at Wittenberg U. in 1512
he was against the selling of indulgences

4. Luther’s “The 95 Theses” Arguments against the church and indulgences
posted on the church door
“pardons” - not part of the Bible, can’t buy your way into Heaven
Pope can’t guarantee Heaven
95 Theses copied, printed, circulated through Europe
All people of faith were equal & anyone could interpret the Bible
Faith & good works save your soul

5. LUTHER VS. THE CHURCH -Pope threatens excommunication
-Luther burned the Pope’s letter
-Pope excommunicates Luther
-Diet at Worms- (German princes met in Worms) Holy Roman Emperor told Luther to abandon views, Luther refused
-Luther declared an outlaw
Luther hid for a year, ideas gained popularity, people began to renounce the pope

6. Peasant Revolt (1524)
peasants challenged their lords to end serfdom, hoping to get Luther’s support
Luther felt for the peasants but did not approve of their violence, 100,000 peasants killed
German princes began to follow Luther

7. Luther forms the Lutheran Church

8. John Calvin
b. in France, priest and lawyer, 1536 wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion”
“Predestination”- God already knows who is saved
Calvinists- believed world was divided b/t “sinners” and “saints”
1541 Geneva, Switzerland- a theocracy - *model religious community – fines/punishment for sins (fighting, swearing, dancing, laughing in church)
Calvinism spread through Europe

9. Other Reformers
*John Knox- Calvinist, started Presbyterian Church in Scotland
*The Anabaptists- rejected infant baptism (babies did not understand), only adults baptized, Anabaptists b/cm the Baptists, Quakers, Amish
“Witch” burning b/cm common

10. The English Reformation
King Henry VIII vs. Catholic Church
1527- Henry wanted to annul his 18 year marriage to Catherine (needed a male heir - the Church didn’t allow divorce), pope refused
1534- The Act of Supremacy- Henry b/cm the head of the churches in England (Church of England)
protesters were executed, his marriage was annulled

11. Henry VIII and his Wives

12. The English Reformation
Anne Boleyn married Henry, gave birth to Elizabeth, was beheaded
Henry married 4 more times, one son Edward
1547- Henry died- Edward took over at age 10, Church of England b/cm more protestant
Edward died in his teens, Mary b/cm queen - tried to turn England back to Catholic- burned 100’s of Protestants at the stake
1558- Mary died, Elizabeth took the throne

13. Elizabethan Age
Queen Elizabeth ruled the “Virgin Queen” (never married)
Returned England to Protestantism
“Golden Age” of England, the English Renaissance
Elizabeth was highly educated, athletic, enjoyed horseback riding, hunting, music
Elizabeth made wise decisions regarding England, churches and politics

15. Defeat of the Spanish Armada- 1588
England defeated the most powerful country in the world- Spain and Philip II
Spain attacked England with 130 ships and 27,000 men.
English ships were quicker w/ longer range cannon (a storm had partly damaged the Armada)

16. Catholic Reformation Catholics felt need to reform church
*Ignatius of Loyola (Spain)
1522- wrote “Spiritual Exercises”- a plan of prayer and study
founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) est. schools and missionaries to convert people to Catholicism

17. Council of Trent (1545-1563) Meetings of bishops and cardinals
Church’s interpretation of Bible is final
Salvation thru faith and good works
Indulgences were allowed
Bible and Church equally powerful

18. The Inquisition
Pope Paul banned and burned books by Luther, Calvin and other Protestants
The Church est. courts to punish and imprison heretics
Witch hunts- b/t 70,000 – 100,000 burned
as witches (mostly women)