1. Reformation Begins

2. Church Problems Causes of the Reformation Calls for reform
Questions about Church Authority
Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism
Clerical ignorance
Pluralism - Absenteeism

3. Indulgences Church leaders lived lavish lives supported by church
Church authorized sale of indulgences to raise funds and help sinners
Method of penance for one’s sins

4. Selling Salvation John Tetzel
Monk authorized to sell indulgences on behalf of the church

5. “As soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
Tetzel begins selling indulgences to people in Wittenberg, Germany

6. Martin Luther German monk and religious professor in Wittenberg
Luther began to question his salvation and through intense study of the Bible came to these beliefs

7. Salvation only possible through faith
Gift from God
Salvation cannot be won or sought

8. Church Philosophy How is a person to achieve salvation?
Church tradition
Faith
Good works
Sacred sacraments
Monastic life

10. 95 Theses Martin Luther objects to the sale indulgences
Believed it would corrupt the true faith of Christians and that salvation could not be bought

11. 1517, Luther writes letter to church authorities protesting the use of indulgences
Posted on the door of the Church

12. Luther Causes a Crisis Luther’s objections soon became public debate
Challenged Church tradition and office of the Papacy
By 1519 he rejects Pope’s authority
Luther banned and excommunicated from Church, 1521

13. Diet of Worms Charles V summons Luther – 1521
Luther refuses to recant – deemed outlaw
Luther is protected by local lords
Lutheranism grows quickly in Northern Europe

14. Religious Warfare Charles V cannot suppress its growth
War breaks out over religion throughout Germany
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Each local ruler chooses his religion for his people

15. New Movement Influenced by ideas of Luther and Ulrich Zwingli
Zwingli led a Protestant movement in Switzerland

16. Very close to Luther in most beliefs
Zwingli is later killed in religious warfare in Switzerland but his religious reform continued

17. Calvinism
John Calvin described a totally new branch of Christian beliefs
Stressed the Bible
Theory of predestination
“the Elect”

18. Development of a theocracy in Geneva
Citizens’ lives strictly controlled
Church and State same

19. French Calvinists
Many nobles converted to Calvinism – called Huguenots – possible threat to the Catholic Church
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 1572 – thousands of Huguenots killed in France

20. Civil war develops in France
Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, gave some freedom of worship

22. Religious Reform and Conflict

23. Henry VIII King of England Initially defended Church against Luther
Earned title “Defender of the Faith”

24. Splits with the Church over his marriage
Wanted a divorce which the Church does not allow
Forms own Church with himself as leader
Act of Supremacy of 1534

25. Anglican Church Also known as Church of England
Retained many properties of Catholic Church
Led to confiscation of church lands
Not all agreed with motives
Thomas More beheaded

29. Catherine of Aragon

30. Anne Boleyn

31. Jane Seymour

32. Anne of Cleves

33. Catherine Howard

34. Catherine Parr

35. Edward VI

36. Catholic or Protestant in England
Henry’s daughter Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) tried to return to Catholicism

37. Elizabeth I brought order to Church of England
Did not reject all of Church tradition
Middle road between Catholics and Protestants

38. Anabaptists Rejected predestination
Belief in free will and adult baptism
Only adults baptized
Belief based on study of scripture

39. Belief in separation of church and society
Not everyone will be believers
Severely persecuted for their ideas about government that could lead to total secularism

40. Equality of all members led to group with no organized hierarchy
Each group acted totally independent
Elected own minister from among the believers

41. Strong belief in pacifism
Led to development of later groups such as Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists

42. Catholic Reformation
Church managed to maintain the Papal States under church control
1542 Pope Paul III established “Holy Office” to regulate a Roman Inquisition

43. Began to attack heretics within its jurisdiction
Published an “Index” of prohibited books

44. Jesuits As Reformation began, efforts to support the Church
Society of Jesus or Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
Strict loyalty to Papacy
Military-like hierarchy
Missionary efforts
Renewed vows of poverty

45. Council of Trent LONG AWAITED Council of Reform called from 1545-1563
Reaffirmed Catholic traditions
Scripture and tradition
Faith and good works

46. Seven sacraments
Abolished pluralism, absenteeism
Forbids selling of indulgences

47. Results of Reformation
Religion underwent a needed reform
Effectively split the Church into Catholic and Protestant groups
Southern Europe remained Catholic
Most of Northern Europe becomes Protestant
Power of the Catholic Church declined
Stronger governments emerged