 Read the Peace of Augsburg primary source (in your drive) and answer the questions that accompany it.

 The French wars of religion between Catholics and Calvinists.  Spanish struggle against Dutch independence in the Netherlands.  The struggle between Catholic Spain and Protestant England.  The course of the Thirty Years’ War and the devastation of central Europe.

 The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire in  For the remainder of the 16th century, religious strife centered on the conflict between Calvinism and Catholicism.  Calvinism and Catholicism both were dogmatic, aggressive, and irreconcilable.

 Suffered Conflict  Catholic Majority vs. Calvinist Minority (Huguenots)  Concentrated in Urban Areas (Middle Class)  Paris had large numbers  Led to a breakdown of royal authority  Result: Crown made itself stronger afterward (Leads to Absolutism)

 Follower of Duke of Guise (Fanatic Catholic, Loyal to King of Spain) attack Protestant Meeting  Opened conflict between Huguenots and Catholics  French Kings (Valois) can’t support Duke of Guise  French Monarchy (Catholics) support it  Didn’t want to make Duke too powerful – Didn’t have a Male Heir  Crown fell upon Henry of Navarre (Calvinist AKA Protestant)  Duke could claim throne if we was too powerful

 Arranged married between Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois (sister of King of France)  French feared Protestant Plot and slaughtered Calvinists in Paris  3,000 killed

 Henry III - Last Valois of France  1588 – Has Duke of Guise assassinated  Died without Heir – Henry of Navarre becomes King (Henry IV)  Converts to Catholicism  Did it for a Compromise “Paris is worth a mass”  Politique – interest of the state comes before religion  1598: Edict of Nantes – Legalized Protestantism

 French people want strong authority  Henry diminished noble power and centralized authority  Stronger French Monarchy – Foundations for Absolutism

 Philip II, who ruled Spain through most of the second half of the 16th century, controlled vast territories, many people, and much wealth.  For the first 25 years or so of Philip's reign, his attention was focused on the Domestic Issues  The second half of his reign was overshadowed by unrest and, eventually, defeat in the Netherlands.

 Catholic Mary I ruled England for five bloody years.  Many Protestants were martyred or exiled during her reign.  She married Spain's Prince Philip.  Her half-sister, Elizabeth I, succeeded her and ruled for most of the second half of the 16th century (r ).  Elizabeth, a brilliant politician, strategist, and diplomat, was probably the most successful European leader of her time.  She steered a middle course between extremes in all areas, most notably religion, where she created the moderate Anglican Church.  She took firm measures against extremist Puritans (with passage of The Conventicle Act of 1593), against would-be assassins (she executed Mary Queen of Scots for plotting against her), and Spain (the English navy defeated Spain's Armada in 1588).