1. Religious Wars Ch 12

2. I. Introduction Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation Unquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders

3. I. Introduction Major Cultural differences Architecture Catholic- Baroque (Very Ornate) Protestant- Reserved and Functional Church Organization Catholic- Hierarchal Protestant- Decentralized (No individual in power) Secular Government Catholic- Absolute Monarchies Protestant- Parliamentary/Congressional

4. II. French Civil War Took place between 1562-1598 Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues) France was ruled by the Valois family Henry II ruled during the first part Was killed at a tournament Francis II takes over but dies after a year Followed by Charles IX & Henry III. Catherine de Medici- Controlled sons Played both sides to her advantage

5. II. French Civil Wars o There were two sides: o Guise family led Catholics in North o Bourbon family led Huguenots in South o Fighting for the royal inheritance and to control royal family o Catherine supported the Guises initially. o Wanted Catholic France o Afraid of Guise rule

6. II. French Civil Wars o St. Bartholomews Day Massacre o August 22, 1572 o Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the Huguenots o Catherine panics and orders the massacre o August 24, 1572 o 20,000 Huguenots were killed o Led to Protestants becoming more active in resisting Catholic rule

7. II. French Civil Wars Catherine started supporting the Bourbons Saw that they were most likely the ones to win Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610) Bourbon Succeeded Henry III (Valois) Becomes Henry IV of France Defeated Catholic League in 1598 Sought to institute religious tolerance

8. II. French Civil Wars Henry IV (cont.) Converted to Catholicism Did this to compromise and make peace “Paris is worth a mass.”. This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598 Granted religious rights to Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom for all P397 DBQ

9. III. Spain Phillip II (r.1556-1598) Son of Charles V (HRE) Also heir to the HRE Took over the Imperial Superpower Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas Strangely died massively in debt Wealth held by small few Had the largest Navy

10. II. Spain Phillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe Fought the Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean Netherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth) First “modern economy” Married Mary I (of England) Part of major Catholic conflict in England French Civil War Financed the Catholic League

11. III. England Mary I (r. 1553-1558) Catholic Took over after Edward VI died Married Phillip II Devout Catholic Heavily persecuted protestants Burning at the stake for heresy

12. III. England Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) “Virgin Queen” A politiques Unity of country over religion Removed all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution Actually brought many exiled protestants into her court Merged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican Church Executed her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for plotting her assassination. Openly funded Henry of Navarre

13. III. England Spanish Armada (1587) Spain was the major naval power in Europe Phillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s execution For a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold Ships May 30, 1587 A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships

15. IV. 30 Year’s War War fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRE Lasted from 1618-1648 Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict

17. IV. 30 Year’s War Consisted of 4 phases Bohemian Phase 1618-1622 Danish Phase 1625-1629 Swedish Phase 1630-1635 French Phase 1635- 1648

18. IV. 30 Year’s War Bohemian Phase 1618-1622 Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia Hapsburg Educated by Jesuits Revoked religious freedom for protestants Defenestration of Prague Protestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace

19. IV. 30 Year’s War Bohemian Phase cont. Ferdinand II becomes the HRE Bohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia Spain gets involved in the conflict Ferdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state

20. IV. 30 Year’s War Danish Phase 1625-1629 Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HRE Hired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces Extremely successful Instituted Edict of Restitution (1629) Outlawed Calvinism All former Catholic lands had to be returned

21. IV. 30 Year’s War Swedish Phase 1630-1635 France and Sweden feared the increased power of the Hapsburgs France backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move) Ferdinand brings back Wallenstein Adolphus is killed in battle But assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants

22. IV. 30 Year’s War French Phase 1635- 1648 Most destructive part of the war 1/3 of Europe’s population was killed Resulted in German famine Destructive to European trade France took a more active role Most of Europe became involved Widespread pillaging

23. IV. 30 Year’s War Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Ended the war in the HRE Written in French Granted German princes freedom from HRE Determine their religion France gained the Alsace Switzerland becomes and independent state Sweden gains territory in Northern Germany Calvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come

25. V. Conclusion Many minority groups were recognized after this period Europe’s balance of power shifts once again Reinforced the right of rulers to determine the religion of their territory