1. Europe In Crisis: Wars of Religion
Section 14.1 & 2
Religious & political conflicts between Catholic & Protestant in Europe challenge political order.
First we must look at what would have caused these 2 faiths to fight each other for power.
Answer to the focus question: might include the desire for land, power , civil liberties.
The focus of this chapter is how European nations gained and lost power as a result of religious and political conflicts. From this will see how such things as constitutional monarchies began to be established which will lead to the basis for our constitutional government.

2. Economic & Social Crises In Europe
Economic problem: inflation
Influx of gold & silver & growing pop
Social witchcraft
In the first section we talked about how religious wars led to religious wars and fights for political control. Now we are going to look at how economic crises plagued Europe, how France became the dominant nation in Europe and how conflicts between the king and English parliament led to a constitutional monarchy.
Between 1560 and 1650 Europe experienced a an economic crisis. What started this was a was a growing population which increased the demand for land and food. Since the demand was high and the supply would become strained the prices were driven up. There was also and increase in gold and silver from the Americas which led to inflation as well. Sellers understood that money was coming in so they felt they could charge more.
Two examples of this economic decline were in Spain and in Italy. Spain had grown rich off silver from the new world, but eventually supplies began to run low. Spanish ships were also attacked by pirates, which meant not all the silver was making its way to Spain. They had also lost the Muslim and Jewish merchants because of religious persecution, which meant they lost their merchant businesses. Italy, once the source of the Renaissance now also suffered. They were declining as well.
Populations in 16th century Europe began to grow big time during the Renaissance because the population recovered after the black death. In 100 yrs the population increased from about 60mil to 85 mil. By 1650 the population began to decline as a result of plague, warfare and famine. This all helped in aiding to the social tensions.
Witch craft was something not unheard of at this time and actually had stemmed from the village Celtic cultures of early European history. During the religious zeal ( excitement) of the Inquisition the hunt for heretics had been extended to include witches. As more were charged, the fear of witches as well as being accused of witchcraft grew. A witch hysteria began to rise and hundreds of thousand died as a result of it. 75% of the victims were women over the age of 50 who were poor, homeless and without property. It was thought that these figurers caste spells of the devil on the weak and vulnerable like infants.
Witch craft persecution in Switzerland (5:09 min)

3. French Wars of Religion-1560
Conflict Causes
Calvinist vs. Catholics- militant
France
Huguenots: French Protestants
John Calvin
7% French pop /40-50% nobility
Threatened Catholic monarchy
Ultra Catholics oppose
30yrs of war
1589: Henry of Navarre –Huguenot
Converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes (1598):
Catholicism official religion & Protect Huguenots
By the 1560 Calvinism and Catholicism became extremely combative or militant religions. They wanted to win converts and eliminate each others authority. Their struggle was the chief reason for the religious wars that plagued Europe during the 16th century ( 1500’s). Besides this though their were many social and economic conflicts that occurred to.
The first of these wars we will focus on are those of the French. These wars were known as the French religious wars ( ). It is important to remember at this time that France was a strongly Catholic country and the Idea of being something of just Catholic was very new. They French kings were not very excepting of the Protestant faith and as a result many of the Catholics were prosecuted against. This did little though to stop the spread of this new faith.
Huguenots were what French protestants were called. They had been influenced by the father of Calvinism John Calvin. It is important to remember that even though such a small amount of the French populist were protestant it is important to remember that it’s the majority of the nobility who were. That means they were a strong political threat to the catholic crown of France.
On the opposing side was a group known as the ultra-Catholics who strongly opposed the Huguenots. One thing they had on their side was the fact that they could recruit armies from northern and northwestern France. This struggle in power between the two faiths led to series of religious civil wars which lasted 30 years. Other factors also played a part in these issues as well-for example the fact that towns people were willing to help nobles in weakening the growing power of the French monarchy.
For 30 years a battle raged in France between the two religious groups. In 1589 Henry Navarre ( a Huguenot political leader ascended to the thrown as Henry the IV. Henry married the daughter of the Catholic French Queen Catherine. Catherine did not like the Huguenots but thought it would be a way to established peace when really ahe had helped plan the massacre. On this day St. Bartholomew’s massacre happen, which was the murder of many Huguenot nobles. Henry IV realized just like any good political man That to become loved he must give a certain appearance so he became catholic to appease the majority of the population. Remember it was only a very small majority who were Protestant. A much larger majority was Catholic.
Whose political ideology does this maybe remind you of? The Prince – for the betterment of the state.
Henry also established the Edict of Nantes (similar to the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed Germans to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism). This Edict stated that Catholicism would be the official religion, but Huguenots would also be allowed to practice their right to worship and hold political office as well. Henry was a strong leader and help restore France after the many wars. Unfortunately though he was stabbed to death by a fanatic who did not agree with him.

4. Spanish Wars of Religion
King Philip II of Spain ( ):
“The Most Catholic King”
Spain-God’s chosen nation- Christianities protectors
Goal: consolidated Spanish lands
Spanish Netherlands
Calvinists
Resist Catholic Spain-war
Spain’s economy suffers
During this time the biggest supporter of militant Catholicism was king Phillip II of Spain. His goals were to consolidate (bring together ) the lands he had received from his father Charles the 5th ne[hew of Queen Catherine of England Henry 8th first wife. He planned to do this through strict Catholic conformity and monarchial control. During the Middle Ages Spain had driven out of their lands the Muslims ( The Reconquista) and Spanish Jew( remember they were seen as the murders of Christ). Because of this heritage they saw themselves as the God’s chosen people to save the Catholics from the protestant heretics. So once again we see this it is for the will of God we do this. The pope called all catholic princes to defend the faith against a rising Muslim Ottoman empire ( the Turks).
Unfortunately one of the richest parts of Phillips empire did not agree with Phillips controlling Catholic ways. The Netherlands had many Calvinist congregations. Phillip had to maintain an army to keep these subjects under control. Can you think of any governments this would relate to today? Also, the Netherlands had a strong economy while the Spanish one was beginning to fall. As, Phillip tried to establish more authority the Netherlands began to fight back. In 1566, he sent the Duke of Alva to crush the rebellions and execute 1,500 protestants. In 1579 William the Orange finally ended the fighting in 1609 when a truce finally ended the war. As a result the northern providences of the Netherlands was established the Golden age of the Dutch republic. This is because it held the center stage of one of Europe's greatest powers ( remember the Dutch east indies trading company and how this help make them a power in the Asian spice trade). The not only were strong economically, but practice religious tolerance and was broken into republics who elected their own governors.
Fun fact during this time something that help the Netherlands in trade was tulip mania tulips came to Europe from turkey. People went crazy over the flowers and could not buy enough of them. People even took out loans to buy the flowers and in the market peeked and then crashed leaving many Dutch families loosing money and being left with unwanted bulbs.
Click on picture 3 to watch animated funny video (4:58 min) best video
An economic bubble (sometimes referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, speculative mania or a balloon) is "trade in high volumes at prices that are considerably at variance with intrinsic values”. It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future.

5. The 30yrsWar (1618-1648) “last of the religious wars”
Peace of Augsburg (1555)-
recognize d Lutherans & Catholics- not Calvinist
Religious disputes –Holy Roman Empire (HRE- Germany)
Events:
1618 Catholic Hapsburg of HRE vs. Protestant nobles (Calvinists)
All major powers besides England
Goal-territory & European leadership
Result
Peace of Westphalia: Ended war 1648
France & allies –new territory
HRE divided into 300 states- Religious Freedom
Even though it seemed that the religious disputes of Germany had been settled by the Peace of Augsburg religious disputes continued in Germany. The original agreement had been that the prince of each German state would choose the religion of his subjects. Churches could either be catholic or Lutheran, but fact that Calvinism had developed during this time and was not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg. The division between the Lutherans and Catholics caused many trust issues and both tried to gain followers. Both though felt threatened by the spread of Calvinism. This issue will lead to one of the last religious wars known as the Thirty Years War. It is important to remember that religion was not the only part of the this war but so was territorial power. Eventually what developed as a result of this was the creation of the Protestant league by the Lutherans and the Catholic League by the Catholics.
Ferdinand II will be the spark that starts the war. he was the Catholic prince of the Holy roman Empire( aka what we think of as modern Germany just bigger). Besides the empire he also ruled the Czech republic of Bohemia, who did not trust the catholic king. Ferdinand decided to close some of the Protestant churches which started a revolt in Bohemia and when he went to stop it Protestant princes decided to challenge their emperor.
The thirty year war.
Part 1( Hapsburg Triumphs) during the first 12 yrs of the war Hapsburg and armies from Russia and Spain crushed Protestant troops and put down the Bohemian uprising.
Part 2( Hapsburg defeats) Later the Protestant Gustavos Adolphus of Sweden and his arm change the war. They drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany. Later Catholic France and dominate the remaining years of the war. This is where politics come into play. Remember that France wants power and domination of Europe. They fear the power of the Hapsburg Family more than that of the protestants. So as a result Cardinal Richelieu sends his troops to join the Protestant forces to defeat the Hapsburgs.
Germany as a result of this war lost much. They lost 4 million people, trade and agriculture were destroyed, economy was ruined. These are main reasons Germany did not actually become a unified state like we know it today until the 1800’s.
Peace of Westphalia ended the 30yrs war.
It weakened the Hapsburg states and awarded territory to France.
Made German Princes independent of the Hapsburg emperor
Ended religious wars in Europe
Established a new type of negotiation where peace terms after a war are decided by all parties involved
This Treaty recognized Europe as a group of Equal independent states not under and a catholic empire as had been in Germany. Germany was now divided into 300 separate German states each with the right to choose their own religion and foreign policy.

6. England-Protestant or Catholic ?
Queen Mary (aka Bloody Mary)
Catholic -Protestant nobles dislike
Executes Protestants
Died
Queen Elizabeth (Protestant)
Repealed Catholic favoring Laws
Act of Supremacy-Church of England
moderate Protestantism
Moderate Foreign Policy-avoid war
Philip II ( Spain) -invades –spread Catholicism
Defeated –no money
Spain looses power
England & France gain power
Henry the VIII had three children remember after six wives. Edward was his only surviving son after his death and died at the age of nine or ten depending on the resource. After this Henry VIII’s oldest child from his first wife who he divorced became queen and she was catholic. Bloody Mary who was known for trying to restore the Catholic faith of her mother by killing many protestants. After her death at the age of forty-six from the age of stomach cancer her step sister Henry VIII’s second child from second wife became queen.
Middle Picture video about Bloody Mary (23:00 min)
She was the second child of Henry the VIII, her mother Anne Boylne is known as the whore.
She was a very strong leader and during her reign England became a dominant world power.
Her greatest love was England itself and her people. To prove this she never married and became known as the virgin Queen. The reason for this was that she wanted to prove that she was not to weak to rule because she was a women and would not have a marriage just for political gain. On proposal from the prince of France was that he would visit her bed twice a year and other than that they could do what ever they please. This she was not pleased with. She even had a ceremony where she was married to England itself.
Elizabeth's quote to parliament on the issue of Marriage.
..now that the Publick Care of governing the Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of marriage may seem a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned myself in marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England...And to me it shall be a Full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, "Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a Virgin, and died a Virgin.“
She did this out of love for her people and not to subject them to a king who would hurt her reforms or pull her country and it’s people into war.
Elizabeth repealed the laws which favored Catholics and named herself the head of the church of England and the state. She was very moderate with imposing the catholic faith. To put it simple as long as Catholics were respectful of her reign and followed laws and did not try to change the religion of the land she let them be.
She also did not see the use of war, she instead wanted to keep England out of it. Instead she played diplomatic wars playing France and Spain against each other. She would go back an forth siding with which every was weaker to keep a balance and no war. Allowed Sir Francis Drake to seize & plunder the Spanish ships sailing the Caribbean
In the end though she would not be able to avoid conflict with the Spanish.
In the end the Pope Sixtus the V had summoned a papal Bull and asked Phillip the II of Spain to carry out the act of invading England and bringing back the heretic Queen to be judge in Rome. Phillip carried out the order with his armada, but the armada was not what he had planned because Spain was going broke. England was lucked out because they had faster ships and were able to catch the armada and attack dividing it. The armada disorganized turn to sail back around the top of Scotland. There they hit a storm and the ships were badly battered. Because of the bankrupt Spanish kingdom Spanish military never recovered which let England and France now take the lead in dominance.
This also gave Elizabeth now fifty at this time still more of a foothold as a leader and love of her people when she rode out to fight with the troops instead of be sent into hiding like most leaders would have don’t at the time.
Click on photo for battle speech (1:49)

7. Revolutions in England
Elizabeth I died
King James I & son Charles I
divine right of kings
Angered Protestants (Puritans)
Civil War
(Cavaliers) vs. (Roundheads)
Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army)
Killed Charles I- military dictatorship
Cromwell dies, monarchy established
Charles II-Protestant
James I-Catholic –scared Parliament
Glorious Revolution” no bloodshed
William of Orange -English Bill of Rights
At this time there will also be a series of Wars in England dealing with the roles parliament and the king should play in governing England.
Queen Elizabeth the Virgin Queen died with no children and therefore her cousin had to ascend to the throne James I. He believed he received his power from God “Divine Right”. Parliament did not agree with this and felt that the leader and parliament should work together. The Puritan ( Protestants in England influenced by Calvinist ideas) also did not like how James I did not have plans to make the church of England more Protestant. Many England’s well to do gentry had become Puritans and it was not a good idea to alienate them or make them mad.
These issues continued onto his son Charles I who also believed in the divine right of Kings. Parliament feared this after his father and passed a petition stating a king could not raise taxes without the consent of Parliament. Charles did try to raise taxes in order to pay for his wars with France and Spain. Parliament to refused to give him funds with out signing a petition that stated
Charles I could not
imprison subjects without due cause
levy taxes without the consent of Parliament
not house soldiers in private homes
impose martial law during peace time.
Charles I agreed to follow this but then did not and did not call Parliament back into session. He also tried to enforce Anglican ritual into the church of England which the Puritans did not like and left for America.
When Charles I tried to put all the realm England and Scotland under one faith the Scots rebelled and Parliament would not give Charles I the money to put them down. Charles I tried to kill the leaders of parliament but they escaped. Londoner’s were enraged by the kings taxes and raged outside the palace. King Charles escaped to the north of England where people were still loyal to him.
Civil war broke out and those loyal to Charles I became known as the Royalist or Cavilers. On the other side were the Puritan supporters of Parliament the Roundheads because of their short hair. In 1647, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell and the new model army Cavilers were defeated and the king held prisoner. Charles I was brought to trial and sentences to death. This was revolutionary at the time because before a king had been overthrown in, killed in battle, or put to death in secret. Never before had it been a public trial and execution.
Video of Charles I 1st pic part 1 7:00 min
2nd pic part 2 7:00 min
3rd pic part 3 7:00 min
Cromwell was now the leader of England. He did away with the house of Lords ( upper house of parliament who had not supported him) and the monarchy and for the first time and only time England became a republican government. A constitution was eventually written ( the first in any modern European state) it was eventually torn up by Cromwell and he became a dictator. He was not tolerating of Catholics and sought to reform by society by outlawing theater, sporting events, and dancing. One thing he did do good though was allow Jews back into England who had been banished in he ruled until his death in 1658.
After Cromwell died Parliament looked to reestablish the English monarchy. They did this by bringing out of exile Charles I son Charles II. This time is known as the time of restoration during which parliament made sure to keep most of it’s power. Parliament made sure the church of England was reestablished and that rights of Puritans and Catholics were limited. Charles II was sympathetic to Catholics and suspended some of the laws against Catholics and Puritans which made parliament suspicious. Also during this time Parliament passed an important Guarantee of freedom known as Habeas Corpus. This gave every prisoner the right to order a document ordering the prisoner to be brought before a judge and have his case heard. Because of this a monarch could not put someone in jail for not for opposing the ruler. The charges needed to be known and specified. You could also not be held in jail forever without a trial. Today we still follow Habeas Corpus and you can not be held in jail for more than 24hrs without being charged with a crime.
Parliament passes Exclusion Bill (barred James from the throne if Charles I dies because James is Catholic)
Results in 2 political parties- Whigs (against James) & Tories (didn’t want to interfere)
After Charles II dies his brother comes to the throne James II. He is a strong catholic and tries to bring Catholics into higher offices which went against parliament so he dissolved it. Parliament planned to throw him out but stop short of the rebellion because instead of giving up his faith James II had agreed to raised his daughter Mary and Anne as Protestant. Parliament knew James was old and wouldn’t live long and his daughters would come to power avoiding religious war, or so they thought. With his 2nd wife James II had a son he raised catholic who would be next in line since he was a son and by pass his protestant sisters. Parliament again feared that religious war and persecution loomed.
There is a solution to this problem though of religious war-the Dutch. Mary James II oldest daughter had married William the orange of, prince of the Netherlands. Parliament invited William and Mary to invade England. William did and out of surprise there was nearly no bloodshed, hence the Glorious Revolution. James II, his wife and son flee to Catholic France leaving the thrown open for William and Mary. William and Mary were made King and Queen and agreed to recognize parliament as their partner in governing. This meant that England had become a constitutional monarchy limiting the power of the monarchy. There was also the English bill of rights signed which stated a leader
could not……..
suspend parliament’s laws
levy taxes without the consent of parliament
no interfering with the freedom of speech in parliament
no penalty for a citizen who petitions a king about grievances ( complaints about the king-cant be put in jail)
citizens could bare arms
citizens were granted trail by jury
A cabinet was also established to help break stand still between the monarch and the parliament. The cabinet is made of ministers of the majority party and the head of the Cabinet is known as the Prime minister which is still established in British government today.