1. In general, states in the northern Europe became Protestant while those in the South remain Catholic and in both cases royal authority increased at the expense of religious authority.

2.  Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges  Concordat of Bologna  Huguenots  Catherine de Medici  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)  Edit of Nantes

3.  The kings had control over the church with the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges and the Concordat of Bologna.  Because kings appointed their own Bishops, they had no great need to break from Rome  Protestantism appealed to the nobles who sought relief from centralization and the middle classes sought reduced taxes and control of the economic decisions in their towns.  Both saw Protestantism as a way to resist the monarchy.  The war between Protestants and Catholics ended when the politique Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Protestant forces,  Established the Bourbon dynasty  converted to Catholicism in order to win acceptance by still Catholic Paris,  and issued the Edict of Nantes, which gave Protestant freedom of worship and rights in their towns

4.  Cardinal Granville  William of Orange, aka William the Silent  Compromise of 1564  Duke of Alba  Council of Blood  Sea Beggars  Pacification of Ghent  Don John  Perpetual Edict  Union of Arras  Union of Utrecht  Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)  Twelve Year Truce

5.  Many Dutch became Calvinist  The 17 provinces of the Low Countries resented being ruled by Spain.  When Spain attempted to eradicate Calvinist worship, violence erupted.  Resentment over Spanish taxes added fuel to the religious issue.  Civil War ended with the division of the Low countries into two groups; ten provinces accepted Spanish rule, the other seven signed the Union of Utrecht and declared their independence from Spain, which they won in 1609.

6.  We know the story of Henry the VIII who established the Tudor Dynasty  Mary Tudor’s attempt to restore Catholicism was compromised by her marriage to Philip II of Spain, which sparked nationalistic as well as religious resentment.  Elizabeth I acted as a politique to settle religious matters, restore stability, and encourage national economic development.  England defended the protestant cause as part of its great competition with Habsburg Spain, helping the Dutch to become independent from Spain

7.  Loosely ruled by the emperor who was in most cases a Habsburg  Many local rulers sought independence and Protestantism gave them a way.  Luther was dependent on the local princes for protection.  Protestantism allowed princes to establish national churches over which they were the ultimate authority  Charles V fought to hold the empire together but failed  The Peace of Augsburg settling the religious wars of the 16 th century, allowed each prince to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for his state.