1. Chapter 7

2. Conflict between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart of the French Wars of Religion. 1560- Both Catholicism and Calvinism had become very militant religions. Converts and destroying the oppositions authority were at the base of the conflicts between the two forms of Christianity. French kings persecuted protestants but were unable to stop the spread of Protestantism.

3. Huguenots were French Protestants that were influenced by John Calvin. Huguenots only made up a small percentage of the French Population but 50% of the nobility was Huguenot. The House of Bourbon, next in line for the French throne, were all Huguenots. This large majority of Huguenot nobles made Protestants in France a large political threat to the Crown in France.

4. Catholics vs. Protestants Monarch was Catholic and persecuted Protestants Growing number of the French population did not like the growing power of the French Monarch. Many towns and Provinces were willing to assist the Protestants against the Monarchy. Since so many nobles were Huguenots, it created an important base of opposition for the king.

5. Political leader of the Huguenots Member of the House of Bourbon Became King Henry IV Converted to Catholicism when crowned king in 1594 Fighting stopped in France

6. Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 The edict recognized Catholicism as the official religion in France. Also gave the Huguenots right to worship and enjoy political privileges.

7. Son of Charles V Reign of King Philip II 1556 to 1598 Age of Spanish greatness both politically and culturally

8. Consolidate the lands he had inherited from his father. Strict conformity to Catholicism. Strong Monarchical Authority. Spain, the Netherlands and possessions in the Americas and Italy

9. Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent. Philip II had exhausted Spain’s money on war and Spain was not eh Empire everyone had thought.

10. Elizabeth Tudor became Queen of England in 1558. During her reign England became the leader of Protestant nations in Europe. This also laid the foundation for a world empire.

11. Elizabeth solved the religious problem that she inherited from her half-sister Mary. Repealed the laws that favored Catholics. A New Act of Supremacy-named Elizabeth “the only supreme governor” of both church and state. The Church of England became Protestant under Queen Elizabeth.

12. Elizabeth feared war would be devastating for England and her rule. Prevented Spain and France from becoming too powerful by supporting whichever was the weaker nation. Allowed Francis Drake to raid Spanish ships in the Caribbean.

13. Philip II wanted to invade England for years. Overthrow of England would allow him to put Catholicism back into place in England. In 1588, Philip ordered preparations for an armada to invade England. Armada- fleet of warships. Spanish ships were defeated by quicker and better equipped English ships. What was left of the Spanish Armada was bounded by storms of the coasts of Ireland and Scotland. Many Spanish ships were sunk.