Why Do People Migrate?

A type of mobility Migration is a permanent move to a new location Migration = relocation diffusion Emigration-migration from a location Immigration-migration to a location

A 19 th Century geographer-cartographer, E.G. Ravenstein, wrote about 11 “laws” that became the foundation for migration studies. Ravenstein’s laws are organized into 3 parts: Reasons why migrants move Distance they typically move Their characteristics

Reasons for migration: Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Economic: people move away from places with poor economic opportunities and toward places with better ones Cultural factors Forced migration (e.g., slavery, refugees) Political factors Environmental factors: people move away from hazardous regions to physically attractive regions

Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Reasons for migration Push and pull factors Intervening obstacles Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles

Ravenstein’s theories about distance that migrants travel from their home: Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country Long-distance migrants to other countries go to major centers of economic activity

Distance of migration International migration-permanent migration from one country to another Two types: Voluntary Forced Migration transition International migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

Distance of migration Internal migration-permanent movement within the country Two types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another Usually from rural to urban areas in search of jobs Intraregional migration = movement within a region Typically happens in urban areas when people move from older cities to newer suburbs

Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Characteristics of migrants Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals Families with children = less common

Characteristics of migrants Gender Traditionally, males outnumbered females In the United States today, 55 percent of immigrants = female Family status In the United States today, about 40 percent of immigrants = young adults, aged 25–39

Where Are Migrants Distributed?

Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania The United States has the largest foreign-born population

Figure 3-3

U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Recent immigration from LDCs

Figure 3-4

Fig. 3-5: Migration in The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Figure 3-6

Fig. 3-7: The complex route of one group of undocumented migrants from a small village north of Mexico City to Phoenix, Arizona.

Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

Impact of immigration on the United States Legacy of European migration Europe’s demographic transition Stage 2 growth pushed Europeans out 65 million Europeans emigrate Diffusion of European culture

Impact of immigration on the United States Unauthorized immigration 2008 = estimated 11.9 million unauthorized/ undocumented immigrants About 5.4 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force Around 59 percent are undocumented immigrants from Mexico

Impact of immigration on the United States Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants Chain migration

Class Activity: 1.Use the text, p Make a flow-line map. Using color-coded arrows, draw in the three main waves or peaks of immigration to the U.S. Colonial Period 19th and Early 20th Century Post WWII 3.Label each flow with the destination region and time period 4.Follow TALDOGS

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws: The Quota Act (1921) The National Origins Act (1924) For each country that had native-born people in the U.S., 2% of their # could immigrate each year. These laws were designed to ensure that most immigrants to the U.S. continued to be Europeans.

1929

Immigration policies of host countries U.S. quota laws: Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated quotas for individual countries and created hemisphere quotas instead (by 1968). Global quotas of 290,000 with country max of 20,000 created (by 1978). Current global quota is 620,000 with no more than 7% from one country. However, there are many qualifications and exceptions that can change the limit. Quotas don’t apply to refugees or spouses, parents, or children of U.S. citizens.

Brain drain Large-scale emigration by talented people. Temporary migration for work Guest workers Usually citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe or the Middle East. Time-contract workers Recruited for a specific job and time period

Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

Distinguishing economic migrants from refugees Emigrants from Cuba Emigrants from Haiti Emigrants from Vietnam See pgs for details

Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

Cultural problems faced while living in host countries U.S. attitudes towards immigrants Attitudes toward guest workers

What are the impacts of migration? Economic Social/Cultural Political eNvironmental

Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?

Migration between regions of a country U.S. settlement patterns Colonial settlement Early settlement in the interior (early 1800s) California Gold Rush in the 1840s Great Plains settlement Recent growth of the South

Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.

Migration between regions of other countries Russia Komsomol Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia Economic migration within European countries Restricted migration in India

Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.