1. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Two Major Difficulties: -_________ to enter a new country. -_________ of citizens once they’ve entered country. Immigration Policies – two policies to control foreigners seeking work. 1. _______ _________ 2. _________ Migration for ______.

2. Immigration Policies US Quota Laws – Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act of 1924. Designed to assure most immigrants to the US continued to be ____________. ___________ Quotas to _______ Quotas. Brain Drain – large-scale emigration by talented people. More education, ____of all legal immigrants to the US have attended graduate school.

3. Temporary Migration for Work Guest Workers – _______ and _______ _______. Foreign-born workers = ½ of labor force in Luxembourg, 1/6 in Switzerland, 1/10 in Austria, Belgium, and Germany. Useful role in Western Europe – low-status and low-skilled jobs that locals won’t accept. UK = restrictions of foreigners to obtain ________. Guest Workers – N.Africa, Middle East, E.Europe, and Asia

4. Time-Contract Workers 19c. – Asian migration to work in _______ and ____________. 29+ million ethnic Chinese live permanently in other countries, most in _______. Illegal immigration to Asia for work. Taiwan – 20-70 thousand, most are Filipinos, Thais, Malaysians.

5. Economic Migrants vs. Refugees US, Canada, and W.Europe treat the two groups differently. Economic Migrants – not admitted unless they possess special ______ or have a close relative there, and must still compete with applicants. Refugees – receive special ________ in admission.

6. Emigrants Cuba emigrants = ________ refugees. 1959+, 600,000 to US; 2 nd influx after 1980. Haiti emigrants = 1980 boatlift from Cuba, several thousand Haitians to US due to economic advancement. US says NO!! Haiti sues. US flops! We invade Haiti in 1994 to reinstate president.

7. Emigrants Vietnam emigration – 1975; evacuation of Saigon. 2 nd surge in 1980s by boat. Int. agreement – most were judged _________ and transferred other places. Most, considered __________ migrants, placed in detention camps until 1996, camps were closed and people sent back to Vietnam. Major source of immigrants to US, with _____ of economic opportunity and ______ of political persecution.

8. Cultural Problems Politicians – Immigration = scapegoats American Attitudes – denial of ________, health clinics, day cares, public services. European Attitudes – guest workers suffer from poor social conditions. Middle East – possible political unrest within ________ customs.

9. Why Migrate Within A Country? Internal = less destructive than international. Two types – interregional and intraregional. In US, interregional migration popular in the past due to farming. Large-scale internal migration = opening of American _______.

10. Center of Population Average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” Move West over last 200 years. 1790 – population center was in Chesapeake Bay, east of Baltimore. 1830 – West Virginia; 1830+ - moved rapidly to just West of Cincinnati in 1880. Western pioneers passed through interior on their way to California.

11. Center of Population Most of 19c. continuous westward advance of settlement stopped at the 98 th meridian. Interior = physical environment not for familiar agriculture. Maps = Great American Desert

12. Settlement of Great Plains Center migrated West at much slower pace after 1880. Large-scale migration to _____ Coast Fill in area b/w 98 th meridian and _________. 1950-1980 – center moved farther west. 1980 – crossed Mississippi River; 2000 – south-central Missouri.

13. Recent Growth of the South 1990s – first time, more migrated out of the West than into the West. Population center moved _________ sharply. Immigrating into the South – job opportunities and environmental reasons. ___________ migration has slowed. Net migration b/w each pair of regions is now close to _______.

14. Migration in Regions More people move within the same region – intraregional migration. Less than 5% of world’s people in 1800 lived in _____ areas, compared to almost ½ today. Urbanization begins in 1800s, in Europe and N.America undergoing rapid _____________. Migration from rural to urban areas has shot up in LDCs of Africa, Asia, and L.America.

15. Migration in Regions MDCs = intraregional migration from central cities out to suburbs. Result of suburbanization, territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.

16. Migration – Metropolitan to Non Late 20c. – W.Europe and N.America have new trend. More people immigrated into ______ areas than emigrated out of them. Net migration from urban to rural = ________________________. Many are _______ people. Has stopped in the US b/c of poor economic conditions.