1. Migration
Unit II Chapter 3

2. Migration
To est. the ecumene, humans have spread across earth through Migration
Geographers document from where people migrate and to where they migrate. Also why they migrate
Humans traveled through harsh and dangerous environments for new opp.
3 main reasons for migration: economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

3. Migration
REMEMBER!?
Diffusion spreads characteristics from one area to another
Relocation diffusion was the spread through bodily movement
Migration: permanent move to a new location
specific type of relocation diffusion

4. Migration Migration involves a two-way flow
A  B, B  A
Emigration: migration from a location
Immigration: migration to a location
Net migration: different between # of immigrants and # of emigrants
+ immigrants = positive net migration (net in- migration)
+ emigrants = negative net migration (net out- migration)

5. Migration Mobility: all types of movements from one place to another
Many forms of mobility
going to work, school, groceries, house of worship
circulation: short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Migration disrupts traditional cultural ties and economic patterns in a region
we take w/ us; language, religion, ethnicity, etc.

6. WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE? REASONS FOR MIGRATING Push/Pull factors
Push factor: induces ppl to move out of their present location
Pull factor: induces ppl to move into a new location
3 major push/pull factors

7. Economic Push/Pull Factors
Aren’t many jobs in current situation
Possibly more jobs in a new location
Have a job, more attractive ones elsewhere

8. Cultural Push/Pull Factors
Big push factors: slavery and political instability
Wars have pushed ethnic groups out of redrawn borders
Refugees: ppl who have been forced to migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution of their race, religion, nationality, or political party
Palestinians and Afghans 2 largest international groups
Sudan and Columbia 2 largest internal groups
Democracy

9. Refugees: Sources & Destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

10. Environmental Push/Pull Factors
Pull towards physically attractive regions
Mountains, sea sides, and warm climates
Push from hazardous ones
Water +/-
floodplain: area subject to flooding during a specific # of years based on historic trends

11. Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

12. Scene from The Grapes of Wrath
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

13. Intervening Obstacles
Intervening obstacle: an environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration
We don’t always end up where we intend
Historically physical (mountains, deserts, water)

14. DISTANCE OF MIGRATION Short distance and remain in their own country
Long distance and head to another country for centers of econ. activity

15. Internal Migration
International migration: permanent movement from one country to another
Internal migration: permanent movement within the same country
similarity to distance decay…int’l mig. less numerous
interregional migration: movement from one region of a country to another
intraregional: movement within on region

16. International Migration
Two types
Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements
Forced: migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
Migration transition: changes in society comparable to those in the demographic transition
International=stage 2
Internal=stage 3 and 4

17. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
Most long-distance migrants are male
Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families

18. Gender of Migrants Theorized a cent. Ago
Men more likely to be employed, therefore more likely to migrate
55% men in 18th/19th Cent.
1990’s reversed 55% women (changing role of women)

19. Family Status of Migrants
40% 25-39
5% 65+
Since more women are migrating, children are going with them
16% 15 and younger

20. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED?
GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS
3 largest flows
To Europe from Asia
To NA from Asia and Latin America
Substantial in-migration
To NA from Europe
From Asia to Oceania
LDCsMDCs

21. Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

22. Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

23. WHERE ARE MIGRANTS DISTRIBUTED?
U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS
3 main eras of immigration
All pulling from different regions of the world
Stage 2 is why people left

24. Colonial Immigration Europe and Africa
Africans forced, Euro’s voluntary (mostly)
90% of immigrants prior to 1840 were from GB
400K slaves were brought to the 13 colonies

25. 19th Century Immigration
First Peak: Lots of Germans and Irish
¼ German ancestry, 1/8 Irish-British
Economic pull factors, political unrest push factors
Second Peak: Still Irish, more Scandinavian
Beginning to enter _______?
Third Peak: Southern/Eastern Europe
Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
Reasons for migrating?

26. Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

27. Recent Immigration ASIA: LATIN AMERICAN:
most immigrants in the 60’s & 70’s
China, Philippines, India, &Vietnam (2/3 all Asian imm.)
40% of Canadian immigration
LATIN AMERICAN:
13M from
2006: Mexico passes Germany as most imm. ever to US
Same reasons of migrating as Europeans

28. Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

29. Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

30. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S.
LEGACY OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION
Europe’s demographic transition
American Safety valve
Diffusion of European culture
So many migrated (65M), they took culture with them
“seeds of conflict”
Imposing European culture

31. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S.
UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION TO U.S.
Undocumented immigrants: unauthorized imm.
Looking for economic opportunity
24% farming, 17% cleaning, 14% construction, 12% food prep
Come into the U.S. by:
Stay after “touring”
Sneak across the border (2,000 Miles)
Immigration reform

32. U.S. - Mexico Border at Tijuana
The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

33. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S.
DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN U.S.
California, Texas, Florida, and New York
¼ CA, ¼ TX, ¼ NY-AZ-IL-GA-NJ, ¼ Rest of U.S.
Mexicans: CA, TX, IL
Caribbean’s: NY or FL
Asians: NY or CA
Chain migration: migration of ppl to a specific location bc family members or same nationality moved there

34. Undocumented Immigrants in the US
Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

35. IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN HOST COUNTRIES
U.S. QUOTA LAWS
Quotas: max # of ppl who could immigrate to U.S. in a 1 year period.
Changed dramatically over the years
Current law: 620K ppl, no more 7% from each country
480K family sponsored
140K employment related
Brain drain: large scale emigration by talented ppl

36. Guest Workers in Europe
Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

37. IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON U.S.
TEMPORARY MIGRATION FOR WORK
Guest worker: ppl of poor countries who obtain jobs in western Eur. and ME
Helps deal w/ unemployment and stimulates econs.
Most from N.Africa, ME, Eastern Europe and Asia
TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS
Serve a contract for an X # of time

38. Economic Migrants & Refugees
CUBANS
Seen as refugees since ’59
“Mariel Boatlift”
HAITAINS
Economic advancement rather than political
U.S. settled lawsuit
VIETNAMESE
“Boat people”

39. Migration of Vietnamese Boat People
Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

40. CULTURAL PROBLEMS U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS
Hostility toned down in the 20th century
Southern/Eastern Europeans faced lots of hostility
“inclined toward violent crimes”
“racially inferior”
“drove native’s out of work”

41. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.
American West
Center of population
“balance on a pin”
Settlement of the interior
Canals
Westward expansion

42. Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

43. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.
Settlement of the Great Plains
Filling in
Railroad helps advancement
European offices
1980 population center moves west of the mighty miss

44. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.
Recent growth of the Sunbelt
Greater economic opportunities
Better climate
African American migration

45. U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

46. U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

47. MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN A COUNTRY
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES
Russia: Forced migration, incentive migration
Brazil: Brasília
Indonesia: Java  small island (incentives)
Europe: Italy ^, Great Britain v
India: Permits, State of Assam

48. Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

49. MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION
MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS
Urbanization since early 1800s
¾ U.S. is urban dwellers (also other devel. Countries)
I bet you can’t guess why they’re moving to cities!
MIGRATION FROM URBA NTO SUBURBAN AREAS
2x as many ppl moving out of cities to suburbs as there are suburbs to cities
Non-economic reasons

50. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

51. MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION
MIGRATION FROM METRO TO NONMETRO AREAS
Late 20th Cent. We saw more people immigrate to rural areas that emigrate from
Counterurbanization: net migration from urban to rural areas
Lure of rural life
Net-out = net-in U.S.
Poor farming conditions

52. Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains