Intro to Cell Biology Review

Looking at a drop of blood under the microscope you see this. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Made of cells Which of the characteristics of living things are these examples of? Reproduce Family image from: Planaria animation:

Which of the characteristics of living things is this frog demonstrating? Grow and develop Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate and become able to spread from person to person causing a worldwide epidemic. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Evolution; change over time

Which of the characteristics of living things is this boy demonstrating? Grow and develop Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? Respond to stimulus & homeostasis

Which of the following characteristics of living things explains why birds fly south for the winter? A.Maintain internal balance B.Made up of cells C.Based on a universal genetic code D.Respond to their environment D. Living things respond to their environment

Which of the characteristics of living things is this butterfly demonstrating? Grow and develop People with diabetes lack the ability to make the hormone which controls blood sugar called ______________ insulin

Another name for a “living thing” organism Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge proton

Which of these molecules could be used to make glycogen, starch, or cellulose? ↑

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy is _______________. glucose

Describes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity pH

Which of these molecules is a protein? ↑

Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids you learned about. DNA and RNA

Proteins that help chemical reactions happen faster = ___________ enzymes Enzymes work by ____________ the activation energy required to get a chemical reaction started. increasing decreasing decreasing

Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy cellulose Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell

A human is a(n) ______________. autotroph heterotroph heterotroph Name 5 of the characteristics of ALL living things. Made of cells Reproduce Take in and use materials and energy Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis) Grow and develop Respond to environment Have a universal genetic code As a group, change over time

Give an example of an autotroph. Green plant The hereditary information in all living things is in the form of a large molecule called __________________________. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Which of these molecules stores genetic info? ↑

1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen What is the chemical formula for water? H2OH2O What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?

Give an example of a heterotroph Any animal (including humans), Most bacteria The 3 smaller particles found inside atoms are ____________, _____________. and _____________. protons neutrons electrons

Name this reaction dehydration synthesis- Losing water to make a bond

An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world science gene A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein

Another name for a heterotroph consumer Atomic particle with a negative charge electron A signal to which an organism responds stimulus Image from:

Name the 4 molecules that are important for all living things Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Lipids that are made of many carbon and hydrogen atoms are_________________ Polar non-polar Non polar

__________ orbit the nucleus of an atom at very high speeds in different energy levels. Protons neutrons electrons Electrons What kind of electric charge do electrons have? negative

that have an uneven pattern of electric charge (more + on one side; more – on the other) are called ______________ polar that have gained or lost electrons so that they have an electric charge are called ______. ions MOLECULES ATOMS

HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen in your blood, INSULIN that helps cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES are all _____________. Proteins carbohydrates nucleic lipids acids proteins Glucose is a _______________. Protein carbohydrate nucleic lipid acid carbohydrate

Which of these molecules is a phospholipid? ↑

Name this reaction Hydrolysis- (adding water to break a bond)

Unfolding that happens to a protein in extreme temperatures or pH that causes it to change shape denaturing Stimulus that comes from outside an organism External stimulus

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot? #1 #2 #3 NO THYMINE (T)

Which of these molecules combines with proteins to make cell membranes? ↑

Which of these molecules is a nucleotide? ↑

How many different amino acids are used by all living things to make proteins? 20 This gray fish is a(n)____________ Autotroph heterotroph Heterotroph (Gets its food by eating other organisms) Image from:

If you want to make DNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot? #1 #2 #3 deoxyribose

The subunits that make nucleic acids are called _____________ amino acids carbohydrates nucleotides nucleotides Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and starch are all examples of ________________. carbohydrates

Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chain polysaccharide

Amino acid subunits join together to make _______________ Lipids carbohydrates nucleic proteins acids proteins Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil are used to make _____________________ polysaccharides amino acids nucleotides lipids Nucleotides

If you want to make RNA which sugar CAN BE used in the #2 spot? #1 #2 #3 ribose

Name a function of carbohydrates in cells. Burn for energy Store energy for later Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy) Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)

Phospholipids that make up cell membranes have a polar _________. head tail head

What ending is found at the end of the name of most enzymes? -ase

Match the building block with the molecule it makes. Proteins nucleic acids lipids carbohydrates Nucleic acids ____________________ Proteins Carbohydrates Glucose from: Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell

What are some factors that can influence an enzyme’s activity? Temperature & pH

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the #1 spot? #1 #2 #3 NO URACIL (U)

If you want to make DNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot? #1 #2 #3 A, T, C, or G (BUT NOT U)

The process of changing from a stem cell to different looking cells with different functions differentiation Name the 4 main macromolecules used to make living things Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids nucleotides Polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose for later glycogen

Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer autotroph Sexual reproduction Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents

Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid? ↑

Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide Scale used to measure acidity Molecule formed when a substrate bonds to the active site of an enzyme pH Enzyme-substrate complex

Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide #1 = __________________ #2 = __________________ #3 = __________________ phosphate #1 #2 #3 nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U) Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer heterotroph Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent Asexual reproduction

Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG macromolecule Stimulus that comes from inside an organism internal stimulus

The basic unit of life is the ________. cell The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions differentiation

Another name for an autotroph producer Neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom neutron Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide

Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes phospholipid 5 carbon sugar used to make RNA ribose Image by Riedell

All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes metabolism Organism made of many cells multicellular Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic

Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells hemoglobin Kind of chemical reaction used by cells to join molecules together by removing an H and OH to make a water molecule Dehydration synthesis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation products

Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers monomer Image by Riedell

Which of these molecules could be used to make an RNA molecule? ↑

The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy glucose Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches Active site

Molecule made of a protein with carbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification glycoprotein Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen insulin

Which of these molecules is a polysaccharide? ↑

Energy required to get a chemical reaction started Activation energy Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules Van der Waals forces Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy catalyst

The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucose photosynthesis Organism made of only one cell unicellular Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule hydrolysis

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged atoms in another molecule Hydrogen bonds Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster enzyme Images from:

Which of these molecules is an amino acid? ↑

Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other protein polar Image from:

5 carbon sugar used to make DNA deoxyribose An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge ion Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react reactants Image from:

Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing” hydrophobic One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides Nitrogen bases

Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body carbohydrate Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits together polymer Image by Riedell

Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis nucleic acid

If you want to make RNA which nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the #1 spot? #1 #2 #3 A, U, C, or G (BUT NOT T)

Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil RNA (ribonucleic acid) Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a variable R group Amino acid Image by Riedell

Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells to store glucose for later starch The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________ biology What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid

Which of these molecules is used by cells to store and transport energy? ↑ RIBOSE