Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research From national GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung To international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Horst Stöcker

GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Linear Accelerator Heavy Ions- Synchrotron Storage Ring GSI – Some Facts and Figures: Founded: 1969 Shareholders: Federal Republic of Germany, States of Hesse, Rhineland- Palatinate and Thuringia Mission: Construction and Operation of Accelerators, Realisation and Start of FAIR; Excellent Heavy Ion Research Budget (2015): ca. 120 million € (plus project funds for FAIR) Employees: approx. 1200 Scientific users: 1500; (approx. 1300 external)

GSI – Member of the Helmholtz Association (HGF) - Helmholtz: Facts and Figures 18 Research Centres 37.000 Employees 15.000 Scientists & Engineers 7.000 Doctoral Students Budget ca. 3.9 Billion Euro (including Third Party Funding) Largest Research Organization in Germany List Helgoland Bremerhaven Geesthacht Hamburg Greifswald Braunschweig Wolfenbüttel-Remlingen Göttingen Magdeburg Potsdam Berlin Zeuthen Teltow Niemegk Halle Leipzig Bad Lauchstädt Köln Jülich Bonn Darmstadt Heidelberg Lampoldshausen Karlsruhe Suttgart München Garching Neuherberg Oberpfaffenhofen Jena Mainz Dresden GSI Saarbrücken Kiel Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure: ohne Nachwuchs; Zahlen von Helmholtz Annual Report 2013 Personal, Stand 2013; Stammsitz Helmholtz-Zentrum Zweigstelle Helmholtz-Geschäftsstelle

Research Areas in the Helmholtz-Association - Program Oriented Research & Funding Energy Earth and Environment Health Key Technologies Matter Transport and Space

GSI: Brief History ... and Outlook into the Future Founded in 1969: as large research infra- structure (Großforschungs- einrichtung) to 'serve' the surrounding universities Today: German 'National' Labora- tory for Nuclear and Heavy- Ion Physics; User Facility for European/ International Users Future: FAIR - International Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Philips-University in Marburg Justus-Liebig-University in Gießen State of Hessen Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe- University in Frankfurt GSI J.-Gutenberg- University in Mainz Technical University in Darmstadt Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg

National and International Cooperation Ca. 50 German Universities and Research Centres - about 1300 external users - Coop. with about 170 research institutions from over 35 countries

GSI Accelerator and Experimental Facilities Ring-Accelerator 90% speed of light Ion Sources Linear-Accelerator all elements SIS Fragment Separator 20% speed of light 'exotic' nuclei UNILAC FRS PHELIX Laser ESR Storage Ring 'bare' atoms & exotic nuclei Experimental Areas

applications and transfer of technologies Research at GSI From fundamental research into the Structure of Matter and Evolution of the Universe to applications and transfer of technologies

Example I: Search for super-heavy elements ... - At GSI: Discovery of six new chemical elements with atomic numbers 107–112 Presently: Hunting for Element 120! H Li Be Na Mg K Ca Rb Sr Cs Ba Fr Ra Y Sc La Ac Ti Hf Zr V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Tc Mn Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Au Ag Zn Cd Hg B Al Ga In Tl C Si Ge Sn Pb N P As Sb Bi O S Se Po F Cl Br I At He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg 112 Rf Te 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 37 38 39 40 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 87 88 89 43 33 34 35 36 51 52 53 54 83 84 85 86 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 104 114 116 II III IV VI VII VIII 113 115 58-71 90-103 117 118 119 120 ? ? Bohrium Copernicium Hassium Roentgenium Meitnerium Darmstadtium

Copernicium Symbol: Cn Naming of Element 112: Copernicium 272Rg 274Cn 112 277X 269Ds 266Mt 111 112 265Hs 110 109 108 Copernicium Symbol: Cn 262BH Roentgenium 107 Proton number 12 July 2010 Neutron number

Example II: Cancer Therapy with Ion beams... Tumor harte Röntgenstrahlung Eindringtiefe [cm] 18 2 6 10 14 50 % 100 % 0 % Damage Ion beam X rays Penetration depth / cm New tumor therapy with Ion beams: as precise as a scalpel extremely efficient in fighting tumor cells

From Clinical Studies at GSI... ... to Standard Medical Application Pilot phase at GSI Heidelberg Ion Therapy HIT more than 450 patients tumor control rate 80 % - 90 % almost no side-effects accepted by health insurers start of patient treatments: Nov. 2009 first clinical ion beam unit in Europe three treatment stations Goal: 1000 patients per year - Cooperation and License Contract with Siemens Medical Solutions Other clinical ion beam facilities: Shanghai, Marburg-Gießen, … Cooperation with Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia

The Long Term Perspective: FAIR Added value Beam intensity by a factor of 100 - 10000 Beam energy by a factor of 20 Anti-matter beams Unique beam quality Parallel operation SIS 100/300 SIS 18 UNILAC ESR HESR Super FRS Construction, cost, scientific communities Construction in modules 0 – 5, … Modularized Start Version: Modules 0 - 3 Construction cost: 1.027 Billion Euro (2005) Scientific Pillars: - APPA: Atomic Physics, Plasma Physics, Applic. - CBM: Compresed Baryonic Matter - NuSTAR: Nucl Structure & Astrophysics - PANDA: Hadron Structure & Dynamics In total: 2500 – 3000 Users 100 m CR RESR NESR existing facility new facility Funding (Construction) 65 % Federal Republic 10 % State of Hessen 25 % International Partners

Accelerator Challenges Compact & cost effective accelerators Fast cycling superconducting magnets dB/dt ~ 4T/s Fast acceleration High gradient, variable frequency Ferrite & MA loaded cavities Precision beams Electron & stochastic cooling XHV @ high beam intensities Extremely high vacuum ~10-13 mbar Horst Stöcker

FAIR Experiments with KVI engagement 26/04/2017 CBM APPA: Atoms; Plasmas, Materials; Bio- & Space Res. NuSTAR: Nucl. Structure Astrophysics Super-FRS PANDA: Antiproton Physics Horst Stöcker

Anti-Proton Annihilation @ DA 26/04/2017 PANDA Horst Stöcker

Search for Heavy Glueballs Morningstar & Peardon, PRD60(1999)34509 Morningstar & Peardon, PRD56(1997)4043 Charmed glueballs flavour blind decays charmed final states only a few charmed mesons around 3 - 4 MeV/c2 less mixing Exotic glueballs (oddballs), no mixing! m(2+-) = 4140(50)(200) MeV m(0+-) = 4740(70)(230) MeV decay modes , , J/, J/ Narrow widths predicted

Compressed Baryonic Matter SIS100/300 CBM @ FAIR Horst Stöcker

High Baryon Density @ CBM Horst Stöcker

NuSTAR Horst Stöcker

New Dimensions in Chart of Nuclides -2 -1

NuSTAR Super-FRS NuSTAR Primary HI Beams: 26/04/2017 NuSTAR Super-FRS Primary HI Beams: 40Ar18+ 2x1012/s @ 1 – 2 GeV/u 238U28+: 5x1011/s @ 1 – 2 GeV/u 40Ar18+ 2x1010/s @ 1 – 45 GeV/u 238U92+: 1x1010/s @ 1 – 35 GeV/u 100 x 1000 times current intensity Secondary Beams: Broad range of radioactive ion beams up to 2 GeV/u RI- Intensities up to 10 000 over present Horst Stöcker

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