The High Middle Ages CHAPTER 14 Section 1: The Crusades 4/26/2017 CHAPTER 14 The High Middle Ages Section 1: The Crusades Section 2: The Revival of Trade Section 3: The Growth of Towns Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 6: Challenges to Church Power

The Crusades Objectives: Section 1: Identify the main causes of the Crusades. Describe the outcome of the First Crusade. Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades. Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

The Crusades Causes of the Crusades Section 1: Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control

The Crusades The First Crusade Section 1: Brought much of the Holy Land under European control

The Crusades Other Major Crusades Section 1: The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus The Third Crusade – again failed to recapture Jerusalem The Fourth Crusade – Constantinople collapsed in 1453 Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

Results of the Crusades Section 1: The Crusades Results of the Crusades Weapons and warfare – crossbow, new ways to wage war Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns

The Revival of Trade Objectives: Section 2: Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe. Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began. Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade.

The Revival of Trade Trade Routes Section 2: Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade

Trade Goods and Markets Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Goods and Markets Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax Social events

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Section 2: The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Manufacturing – domestic system Banking – exchanging currencies at fairs, lending money Investing – market economy

The Growth of Towns Objectives: Section 3: Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages. Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities. Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom.

The Rights of Townspeople Section 3: The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople Freedom – after a year and a day Exemption – from working on the manor Town justice – towns had own courts Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders

The Growth of Towns Guilds Section 3: Merchants – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions; start as apprentice, then journeyman, then master of that craft guild The rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers

The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns Section 3: Town life – serfs escaped to gain freedom The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Objectives: Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages. Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages. Identify developments made in philosophy and science. Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages.

Language and Literature Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature Early vernacular literature – everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas The flowering of vernacular literature – Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Education University – teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees

Philosophy and Science Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy and Science Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason Science – mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Architecture Roman architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Objectives: Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France. Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation. Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages.

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations England The Hundred Years’ War – Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king The War of the Roses – war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations France A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Spain Ferdinand and Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination

Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations The Holy Roman Empire Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Objectives: Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages. Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church. Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages.

Challenges to Church Power Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Church Power Weakens Power shifted from the church to monarchs People began to question church practices

The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism Section 6: Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism People lost respect for the church Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority

More Problems for the Church Section 6: Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church Defender of the Faith opposed pope’s ideas John Wycliffe – did not believe in absolute power of pope Jan Hus – criticized abuses within the church