1. Effects of trade activator
Why does it benefit people to trade with others?

2. The Revival of Trade 11th and 12th centuries
changed the economic foundation of Europe from basically agricultural to a mix of agricultural and commercial
Italian cities took the lead

3. Money Economy by the end of the 12th century
goods were being regularly exchanged between Flanders and Italy
the demand for gold and silver coins arose
money economy will replace the barter system

4. Commercial Revolution
trading companies and banking firms were established
managed the exchange and sale of goods
led to the rise of commercial capitalism
an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods to make a profit

5. Late Middle Ages Middle Ages reached a high point in the 1200s
1300s and early 1400s
Europe was challenged by disastrous forces

6. Bubonic Plague Description: the Black Death
spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium
millions died of the plague between 1347 and 1351

7. Bubonic Plague Consequences: trade declined
a shortage of workers caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor
lowered the demand for food, resulted in falling prices

8. Great Schism Background:
Struggles with the king led a French pope to take up residence in Avignon in southern France in 1305
the pope resided in Avignon until 1377
pope returned to Rome in 1377

9. Great schism Description: after the Pope’s death:
a group of Italian cardinals elected an Italian pope
a group of French cardinals elected a French pope
each line of popes denounced the other
lasted from 1378 to 1417 and divided Europe
finally ended in 1417

10. Great Schism
Effect:
people’s faith in both the papacy and the Church were undermined
the Church lost much of its political and spiritual authority

11. Hundred Years’ War Description: between England and France
lasted from 1337 to 1453

12. Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc: A peasant girl
helped the French armies to finally bring the war to an end

13. Hundred Years’ War Effect: political instability
by the fifteenth century, rulers from France, England, and other European states attempted to reestablish the centralized power of monarchies
The monarchies of France, England, and Spain became known as the new monarchies
The Holy Roman Empire became a land of hundreds of independent German states (The German Confederation)

14. Effects on the Middle Ages
the Crusades, bubonic plague, Great Schism, and the Hundred Years’ War
led to an end of the manorial system and feudalism
growth of cities
increased trade
beginning of the Renaissance