1. Middle Ages
Chapter 14

2. The Crusades causes
Turks (Muslims) gain control of the Holy Lands and threaten Constantinople
Byzantine emperor asks Pope for help
Pope Urban II asks Lords for help, to quit fighting amongst themselves and unite
to fight and win back the Holy Lands
“wear cross on right shoulder or back with one voice…cry out: God wills it, God wills it!”

3. Crusades
10,000 Europeans join a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Lands
Why?
To save their souls
Knights hoped to gain wealth and power
Merchants saw a chance to make money

4. First Crusade 1096 - 1099 Crusaders not dressed for environment
Didn’t bring enough supplies
Ships from Italy resupply along Palestinian coast
Crusaders able to surround city

5. Results: SUCCESS
Muslims and Jews slaughtered and driven from Jerusalem
Mixing of Cultures: cultural diffusion
Muslims and Christians live side by side
Respect grows between groups
Trade sprang up between Europe and Holy Lands, (Middle East & Asia)

6. UNSUCCESSFUL 2nd Crusade: 1147 – 1149 3rd Crusade: 1189 – 1192
Turks against Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany
3rd Crusade: 1189 – 1192
Truce between Muslim Saladin & King Richard of England
Allowed Christians to enter Holy Lands freely
4th Crusade: 1202
Pope Innocent III gathered French Knights
Attacked Christian cities and Constantinople
Children’s Crusade
Young decided to try, several thousands are lost in chaos
UNSUCCESSFUL

7. What came out of the Crusades? 1st one successful Weapons and warfare:
Europeans used cross-bow
Learned to undermine walls and use catapults
Muslims introduce long-bows and gun-powder
Modern technology in weapons leads to the decline of the Knights in Europe

8. Politics: Lords sold lands to raise money to fight, some died
Kings grew stronger
Armies come from all over in support, not just in one area
END TO FEUDALISM

9. Ideas & Trade: Exchange of ideas with people from all over Europe
Gained knowledge from Byzantines and Muslims
Enriched European culture
Italian cities become trading centers
Introduction of new foods from SW Asia

10. Section 2 New trade Routes Markets and Goods
Ukraine, Italy, Germany
Markets and Goods
Barter Economy
Coins
Fairs—large, people traveled, entertainment
3 new business developments
Manufacturing
Domestic System: manufacturing goods took place in home
Banking
Banks lend money
Start to use “bills of exchange” or NOTES
Investments
Capital – wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
Creation of Market-economy

11. SECTION 3 – Growth of Towns
Town Charter – Lord’s would grant charters
Written statement of town’s rights
Trade increased – towns grew, became wealthy
Merchant Guild
Had sole right to trade in a particular town or had to pay a fee
Craft Guild
Group of skilled workers of a single craft
Set standards
Controlled training – MASTER TRAINERS

12. CRAFT GUILDS Master Trainer Middle class forms Apprentice Journeyman
1st step, lasts 5 – 9 years, learn craft
Journeyman
Actual skilled worker, gets paid for work
Creates a “masterpiece” that must be approved by other masters, if so, could then open own shop and become master himself
Middle class forms
Class between nobles and unskilled workers/peasants

13. Black Death Cities become trading centers
Exciting
Dark, unsafe, dirty, unhealthy
1357 – plague swept across Europe
Rats on trading ships scurry off at port cities
Fleas bite humans
1347 – 1351
Approximately 25 million people died
1/3 of European population

14. Section 4: Life and Culture
Language in Literature
Vernacular languages – spoken by people with little education
Everyday speech
Dante
“Father of Italian language” - poems read all over Italy
Divine Comedy – greatest work, pointed out faults in Italian society
Chaucer
Canterbury Tales – pokes fun at English society

15. Philosophy & Architecture
Scholasticism – attempt to bring together faith and reason
Peter Abelard – philosopher,
questioned Church’s teachings
Thomas Aquinas – Dominican monk
Summarized medieval Christian thought
Architecture
Gothic – replaces Romanesque
Tall spires
Flying buttresses
Stained glass
High walls

16. France: Hundred Year’s War – 1337 – 1453 Joan of Arc Estates General
Section 5
France:
Hundred Year’s War – 1337 – 1453
Series of conflicts between England and France
Joan of Arc
Claimed to talk to God through visions of St. Catherine of Sienna
Leads French Army to victory
Feared by King, turns her over to British
Estates General
Starts to gain power and grow strong during turmoil

17. ENGLAND SPAIN HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
War of the Roses – fight over throne by two families
White rose – House of York
Red rose – House of Lancaster (winner)
Ends with Henry Tudor as KING HENRY VII
SPAIN
Ferdinand & Isabella
Added land to Spain
Drove out non-Catholic Christians
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Germany & Italy
Habsburg family rise to power
Marries into other royal and wealthy families

18. Challenges to Church Clement V Babylonian Captivity
French pope, moves papacy to Avignon, France
Babylonian Captivity
Years popes live in France
People thought pope controlled by French Kings
Great Schism – church divided into opposing groups
Wycliffe & Hus
1st reformers, set stage for future challenges