Africa and European Interaction

I. New States 1.Zulu Kingdom united by Shaka 1818 – Raided neighbors, kidnapped, stole cattle 2.Lesotho and Swaziland form in response to Zulu strength 3.Sokoto Caliphate in W. Africa 1809 forms as a reform Islamic movement – Used slaves and confined women

II. Egypt 1.Muhammad (Mehmet) Ali continues policy of industrialization 2.Used European experts to improve military technology 3.Required peasants to grow only cotton to pay for Westernization 4.Grandson Ismail continued: railroads, canals, factories 5.Debt to France/England caused downfall

IV. European presence 1.French take Algeria (N. Africa) in long war 2.Protestant missionaries explore Africa – Dr. David Livingstone became famous and discovered Victoria Falls along Zambezi River

“Is it not the great end of religion, and, in particular, the glory of Christianity, to extinguish the malignant passions; to curb the violence, to control the appetites, and to smooth the asperities of man; to make us compassionate and kind, and forgiving one to another; to make us good husbands, good fathers, good friends; and to render us active and useful in the discharge of the relative social and civil duties?” “If to be feelingly alive to the sufferings of my fellow-creatures is to be a fanatic, I am one of the most incurable fanatics ever permitted to be at large.” “So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the Trade's wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for Abolition. Let the consequences be what they would, I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected its abolition.”

V. Abolition of Slavery & Legitimate Trade 1.Evangelical Protestants (William Wilberforce) in Britain led abolition of slavery then Britain led world in abolition – Enforced in Atlantic by Britain – Britain sent “recaptives” to newly formed colonies in W. Africa Liberia founded by freed slaves from U.S. with help of private America organizations Sierra Leone (British colony): Protestant missionaries constructed schools and helped recaptives helped them settle in Freetown 2.Declining slave trade meant increase in legitimate trade of palm oil and gold – Slave trade increased in East Africa – Increased demand for such luxury goods (lotion, soap, ivory) in Europe. Why? 3.King Jaja of Opobo- built successful palm oil trading post