©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Chapter 2: The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial South Preview: “Instability and conflict wracked England’s southern colonies for most of the seventeenth century. But by 1720, one- crop plantation economies dominated the region—tobacco in the Chesapeake, rice in the Carolinas, sugar in the Caribbean. In the process, the original system of labor, based on white indentured servitude, gave way to the slave labor fueled by a massive importation of Africans.” The Highlights: English Society on the Chesapeake English Society on the Chesapeake Chesapeake Society in Crisis Chesapeake Society in Crisis From the Caribbean to the Carolinas From the Caribbean to the Carolinas The Spanish Borderlands The Spanish Borderlands

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill English Society on the Chesapeake The Mercantilist Impulse The Mercantilist Impulse –Instability of the southern colonies –Relations between Capt. John Smith and Powhatan –__________: use raw materials from the colonies to produce a favorable balance of trade –Chesapeake ________ production key to English mercantilism 2-2

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Virginia Company The Virginia Company –_________ company in London –Frustration over lack of success in Jamestown, founded in 1607 Reform and a Boom in Tobacco Reform and a Boom in Tobacco –1618: company managers instituted sweeping reforms –___________: 50 acres of land for every new settler, plus 50 acres per family member or servant –Rise of __________ servitude –1622: Opechancanough’s attack on white settlements 2-3

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Settling Down in the Chesapeake Settling Down in the Chesapeake –By 1650, ________ rates declined, spurring the establishment of a more stable society The Founding of Maryland and the Renewal of Indian Wars The Founding of Maryland and the Renewal of Indian Wars –1632: Maryland founded as a ________colony by the Calvert family –Complete religious freedom for all Christians—Maryland became a haven for Catholics –1644: Indian wars in Virginia sparked again 2-4

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-5

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Changes in English Policy in the Chesapeake Changes in English Policy in the Chesapeake –Colonies became secondary concern during the English _________ ( ) –Restoration of the monarchy led to increased economic control over the colonies ______________. 2-6

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chesapeake Society in Crisis The Conditions of Unrest The Conditions of Unrest –Diminishing opportunities between 1660 and 1680: longer life expectancy led to more people producing tobacco, which caused ____________ and plummeting prices –1660s and 1670s: rising taxes pinched small farmers 2-7

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Bacon’s Rebellion and Coode’s Rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion and Coode’s Rebellion –1676: in Virginia, Nathaniel Bacon led group of armed men to Jamestown to protest ineffective efforts to curtail Indian attacks –Rebellion ended with Bacon’s death from natural causes –1689: in Maryland, John Coode led a small army to challenge the proprietary government –Rebellion led to the revocation of the Calverts’ charter 2-8

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill From Servitude to Slavery From Servitude to Slavery –Black population in the Chesapeake was small through most of the 17 th century –After 1680, purchasing a black slave for life was a better investment than paying for a white indentured servant –By 1700, imports of African __________reached 20,000 per year 2-9

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade –Upwards of ________ people sold into slavery from Africa to the New World –Profitability of sugar plantations in the _________drove the 17 th -century trade –Height of the transatlantic slave trade came during the 18 th century –___________: voyage from Africa to America 2-10 “Between the mid-fifteenth and the late nineteenth centuries, perhaps as many as 13 million men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic as slaves—a number not equaled by voluntary European migrants to the Americas until as late as the 1880s”(63).

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 2-11

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A Changing Chesapeake Society A Changing Chesapeake Society –By 1740, ______ percent of Virginians were black –Slave system becoming more rigid –Increased economic and political opportunity for white settlers The Chesapeake Gentry The Chesapeake Gentry –Wealth of the well-to-do based on _______ and slaves –Chesapeake society still unequal after

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill From the Caribbean to the Carolinas –Old World diseases and Spanish_____________ decimated Native populations in the Caribbean during the 16 th century –1604: first English settlers in the Caribbean –1640s: sugar cane cultivation transformed Caribbean colonies into economic powerhouses –African slaves were central to producing this profit 2-13

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Founding of the Carolinas The Founding of the Carolinas –1663: William Berkeley and John Colleton establish joint proprietorship aimed at colonizing the Carolina region –1680: Charles Town founded –1701: North Carolina established as a separate colony –Anthony Ashley Cooper and the Fundamental Constitutions prompted serious opposition to the proprietors 2-14

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Early Instability Early Instability –Many immigrants to South Carolina from Barbados –By 1700, rice had become the colony’s main cash crop –Inhospitable environment limited white settlement—only 10,000 by 1730 –Tremendous ethnic and religious diversity White, Red, and Black: The Search for Order White, Red, and Black: The Search for Order –1708: black men and women became a majority –________ had tremendous cultural influences 2-15

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©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Founding of Georgia The Founding of Georgia –1732: Gen. James Oglethorpe was granted a charter to colonize Georgia –Generous incentives to settle—attracted former debtors, Protestants, and Jews –Many economic similarities to South Carolina 2-17

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Spanish Borderlands –St. Augustine, Florida: first permanent European settlement in America (est by the Spanish) –Dozens of mission communities throughout the borderlands between English colonies and Mexico –Pueblo Revolt of 1680—Indians in New Mexico revolted against Spanish and Catholic authority 2-18