iGCSE Economics 7.2 Population Growth

Learning Outcomes describe the factors that affect population growth (birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, net migration) and discuss reasons for the different rates of growth in different countries analyse the problems and consequences of these population changes for countries at different stages of development describe the effects of changing size and structure of population on an economy

Population Growth The world population reached 1 billion in around 1804 and 2 billion by 1927 By 2010 the world population had reached almost 7 billion and is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050. Around 90% of all these people will live in countries currently considered as developing

Let’s see what Hans has to say…. Watch the video “Population growth box by box’ Summarise the key points he is making What are the main factors that will affect the size of the population within a particular country?

Now let’s see what National Geographic have to say…. Watch the video ‘7 billion National Geographic’

Key Questions….. What are they key world trends with regards to population? What are the key causes of population growth? Within a country, what factors will affect the following Birth Rates Death Rates Fertility Rates Net Migration What are the benefits of population growth? What problems can rapid population growth cause in an economy? How will Developed Economies and Less Developed Economies differ in terms of the structure of their population including: Age Distribution Dependency Ratios Geographical Distribution Occupational Distribution What problems can an aging population have for an economy? What factors may cause a gender imbalance in population? What can be done to reduce population growth?

Video Watch the BBC documentary ‘Overpopulated’ Answer as many of the questions as you can

Factors affecting the size of the population Births Net Migration Deaths Factors affecting the size of the population

Video ‘7 million – How did we get so big so fast?’

What causes population growth? births - deaths = natural rate of population growth

Birth Rates

Birth Rates Birth rate = births per 1,000 people in a population Lowest birth rates (Less than 9 births per 1,000) Czech Republic, Austria, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Monaco World average = 19 Highest birth rates (40 or more births per 1,000) Niger, Uganda, Mali, Zambia, Burkino Faso, Ethiopia, Angola, Somalia, Burundi Why do birth rates tend to be lower in developed countries and higher in developing countries?

Why are birth rates high in many less-developed countries? What has caused birth rates to fall in many developed and rapidly developing countries? Living standards are rising Rising living costs Falling fertility rates There is increased use of contraception There is increased female employment People are marrying later in life Why are birth rates high in many less-developed countries? Living standards are poor There are high child mortality rates Custom, religion and lack of education prevent contraception

Death Rates

Death Rates Death rate = deaths per 1,000 people in a population Highest death rates (15 or more deaths per 1,000) Angola, Afghanistan, South Africa, Nigeria, Russia, Ukraine, Chad, Guinea-Bissou, Lesotho, Central African Republic World average = 9 Lowest death rates (Less than 3 deaths per 1,000) Sint Maarten, Jordan, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates What affects the death rate within a country?

Factors that affect death rates are: living standards quality and availability of health care natural disasters and wars

What is the difference between Emigration and Immigration? Net Migration

Net Migration Net inward migration Net outward migration immigration emigration Net outward migration Why do people choose to migrate? What are the benefits/drawbacks of net inward migration

Net Migration Net inward migration Net outward migration immigration emigration Most cross-border migration involves people of working age seeking employment, higher wages and improved living standards in other countries increases working population increases demand for housing, schools, health care and other public services increases pressure on resources reduces working population means loss of most skilled and productive labour and entrepreneurs causes fall in output and economic growth

Structure of the population Age and sex distribution Occupational distribution Geographic distribution Structure of the population

The Dependent Population People in work and who are economically active produce goods and services for those who are not The dependent population of a country includes the very young, schoolchildren, students, housewives and old-age pensioners The higher the dependency ratio, the greater the burden on the working population and on scarce resources to support people who are not economically active Dependency ratios are rising: There are high birth rates in less-developed countries The school leaving age is being raised in many economies There are low death rates and growing numbers of old people in developed economies dependent population Dependency ratio = working population

Age and Sex Distribution Low death rate High death rate High birth rate and falling child mortality as health care improves Low birth rate Source: U.S. Census Bureau Dependency ratios rising due to ageing population Dependency ratios rising due to increasing numbers of children In 2010, 11% of the world population was over 60. It is expected to reach 22%, or 2 billion people, by 2050. One in every three people in developed countries will be over 65 by this time.

The world’s oldest and youngest

CHINA: SEX RATIO AT BIRTH Gender Imbalance? Gender imbalance, an excess of males or females, has been observed in a number of countries. Why? Possibly because of: wars resulting in many deaths among young males violence towards females, driving them from some societies Difference in life expectancies between men and women sex selection by parents through abortion gender-based infanticide (selective killing of children of one sex) sex-specific inward migration, e.g by male guest workers brought in to work in construction and other heavy industries NORMAL SEX RATIO 1:1 SEX RATIO AT 85 YEARS 1:1.5 CHINA: SEX RATIO AT BIRTH 1.2:1

Population Density Least densely populated Greenland 0.026 people per km2 Most densely populated Macau peninsula 18,524 people per km2 Most densely populated city Manila, Philippines 43,000 people per km2 Around half the world’s population currently live in urban areas This is expected to rise to around 60%, or 5 billion people, by 2030 Rapid growth of cities is depleting resources, and increasing congestion and pollution

Occupational Distribution % employment by main industrial sector Developed Developing Less-developed More than 80% employed in services Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Gaza, Israel, Luxembourg, UAE, UK, USA More than 90% employed in agriculture Angola, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Chad, Lesotho, Niger, Rwanda

Handling Population Growth What can governments do if they are concerned about the problems associated with population growth? Handling Population Growth

Video India – Coping with Population growth

Research Task Pick a country Using this website….. Do a bit of research http://www.geohive.com/default.aspx Research and add the following information: Size of the country’s population from 1950 – 2050 Urbanity of countries from 1950 -2050 HDI index from 1980-2011 Current data for: Gender balance Occupational distribution by industry sector (Use wikipedia) Age Structure (if available) Population Density Life Expectancy Children Born per Woman

Then…… Comment on each of the pieces of data that you have researched You could include: Key trends Whether they were what you expected What you think are the causes