2. Dependency Ratio The proportion of persons above 65 years and below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group. The proportion of persons above 65 years and below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group. The ratio of combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred as dependency ratio. The ratio of combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred as dependency ratio.

3. Sex Ratio It is the number of females per 1000 males It is the number of females per 1000 males It is affected by It is affected by Mortality conditions among male and females Mortality conditions among male and females Sex selective migration Sex selective migration Sex ratio at birth Sex ratio at birth Sex ratio= no. of males/no. of femalesX100 Sex ratio= no. of males/no. of femalesX100

4. POPULATION PYRAMID It is a pictorial presentation of age sex composition of a population. It is a pictorial presentation of age sex composition of a population. Male to female ratio in diff. age groups Male to female ratio in diff. age groups Population is old or young Population is old or young Dependency ratio Dependency ratio Rate at which population is increasing Rate at which population is increasing Recent changes in fertility or mortality. Recent changes in fertility or mortality.

8. Dependency Ratio Pakistan = > 80 % Pakistan = > 80 % Japan = 43 % Japan = 43 %

9. Growth rates 95% growth is in developing countries 95% growth is in developing countries One third of world population is, 15 years of age One third of world population is, 15 years of age Population will be 8 billion in 2025 Population will be 8 billion in 2025 Population will be 10 billion in 2050 Population will be 10 billion in 2050 Population will be 20.7 billion in 2100. Population will be 20.7 billion in 2100.

10. Growth rates 176 per minute 176 per minute 10564 per hour 10564 per hour 253,542 per day 253,542 per day 92,543,000 per year 92,543,000 per year

11. FECUNDITY Fecundity indicates the physiological ability among woman to conceive or to bear children. Fecundity indicates the physiological ability among woman to conceive or to bear children. 42 children in 35 years 42 children in 35 years 69 children 69 children Highest average no. of births for any population is 10 / woman among a small Christian group in USA and Canada. Highest average no. of births for any population is 10 / woman among a small Christian group in USA and Canada.

12. FERTILITY It refers to the actual bearing of children by a woman It refers to the actual bearing of children by a woman It is the actual reproductive performance of the woman or a couple. It is the actual reproductive performance of the woman or a couple.

13. FERTILITY Universality of marriage Universality of marriage Lower age at marriage/ duration of married life Lower age at marriage/ duration of married life Low level of literacy/ educational status Low level of literacy/ educational status Poor level of living / Economic status Poor level of living / Economic status Limited use of contraceptives / spacing of children Limited use of contraceptives / spacing of children Traditional ways of life / religion Traditional ways of life / religion Nutrition Nutrition Others Others

14. FERTILITY Psychological Psychological Natural urge of being parent & to have children Natural urge of being parent & to have children Social Social Educational status, Age at marriage, early marriage, family set up, family pressure. Educational status, Age at marriage, early marriage, family set up, family pressure. Economic Economic Security to parents in older age, potential earners, Security to parents in older age, potential earners, Demographic Demographic Too many children, Too many children, high mortality results in high fertility high mortality results in high fertility Biological effects Biological effects Curtailment of early breast feeding Curtailment of early breast feeding

15. General fertility rate (GFR) It is the no. of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group in a given year. It is the no. of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group in a given year. It is a better measure of fertility It is a better measure of fertility

16. Age Specific Fertility RateASFR It is the no. of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age group. It is the no. of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age group. ASFR indicates the fertility pattern ASFR indicates the fertility pattern A sensitive indicator of family planning achievement. A sensitive indicator of family planning achievement.

17. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) It represents the average number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the woman now in each age group. It represents the average number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the woman now in each age group.

18. GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE It is the average number of girls that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern through out her reproductive span. It is the average number of girls that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern through out her reproductive span.

19. NET REPRODUCTION RATE It is the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific fertility and mortality rates. It is the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific fertility and mortality rates. It is a demographic indicator It is a demographic indicator NRR 1 indicates the attaining of app. the 2 child norm. NRR 1 indicates the attaining of app. the 2 child norm.

20. MORTALITY It refers to the experience of a population in terms of deaths. It refers to the experience of a population in terms of deaths. Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a society would reveal the underlying health problems and health services shortcomings and would identify specific interventions. Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a society would reveal the underlying health problems and health services shortcomings and would identify specific interventions.

21. URBANIZATION It occurs due to migration of rural population into urban centers / areas resulting in increase in urban population and growth of cities. It occurs due to migration of rural population into urban centers / areas resulting in increase in urban population and growth of cities.