1. What can you see? 19502010

3. Why did China need to control the population? China’s Population Problem

4. Rapid Population Growth In 1949 the People’s republic of China was founded Improving living conditions of the population was a priority for the communist government The government improved food and water supplies, sanitation and health care Between 1949 & 1988 China’s population almost doubled from 540 million to 1050 million

5. Shortage of natural resources 0.078ha of arable land per person – this is ¼ of the world average Arable land was being lost at an increasing rate because of urbanisation, natural disasters and soil erosion 2285m 3 of fresh water per person – this is ¼ of the world average

6. Economic Implications Unemployment is a serious problem that China could face as population increases Despite the high rate of economic growth ¼ of the national income is used each year to cope with the additional population

7. “Later, longer, fewer” In the 1970s, the government introduced it’s first population policy By the end of the decade women were having half as many children as before. Fertility rate fell from 5.81 in 1970 to 2.72 in 1978 Population growth rate fell from 2.1% in 1973 to 1.17% in 1979

8. The One Child Policy In 1979 the one child policy came into force: Only one child allowed in most cases. Benefits included childcare and healthcare Sterilisation encouraged Fines, loss of benefits and social pressure for those who disobeyed. Some evidence of forced abortion and forced sterilisation. Permission had to be given; 6 month limit

9. Positives Improved standards of living, improved life expectancy and improved infant mortality. Growth rate fallen to 0.7 per cent Children given more attention Predicted famine did not happen Reduced unemployment

10. Negatives Infanticide, abortion and abandonment – particularly for females. ‘Little Emperors’ More men than women Prostitution, sex crimes and violence. Increased pressure on only children – the “four-two-one problem” Aging population Increased IVF

11. The Current Policy Strictly enforced in urban areas – otherwise it varies between provinces. People in rural areas can have two children if the first is a girl. If parents only child = second child, and selected other reasons. Birth spacing applied for second child. Many families can now afford the ‘social fostering’ fee (i.e. fine)

12. Policy’s Reach 35.9% - one child policy 52.9% - two children if first a girl 9.6% - two children 1.6% - no limit

13. The Future High dependency ratio with aging population. Fewer marriages Social changes (risk adverse, less trusting, pessimistic) Increased relaxing of the policy and people defying the policy. Rumours of the policy being scrapped by 2015.

14. Your Task Answer the following questions: What is the one-child policy and why was it needed? What are the benefits of the one child policy (spilt into social and economic)? What are the problems of the one child policy (again, social and economic)? Has the policy worked? What is your opinion of it?

15. With reference to a named country, evaluate attempts to manage population change (15 marks) Evaluate... requires more than just a description 'evaluate' asks the candidate to give an overall statement of value. The candidate must consider all the evidence – positive and negative The candidate's own judgement is requested, together with a justification for that judgement. What does a good answer look? Read through both answers to a similar question and be prepared to share your ideas

16. I would give this __/15 because……(give at least 2 reasons) To improve you must………………(give at least 2 reasons) Level 1 (1-5 marks) Description of development plans is basic with isolated facts not linked into a coherent account. Any attempt to assess the level of success is purely descriptive and not justified or backed up by facts or figures. Level 2 (6-10 marks) Description is clear and coherent. Clear links are made between the needs of the people and the developments that have been planned or are taking place. An attempt is made to assess the degree of success and to justify this assessment. Level 3 (11-15 marks) Description is thorough. Assessment is clear and detailed with statements supported by clearly organised evidence.

17. Are you working to target? U = 6 or below E = 6 marks D= 7 – 8 marks C = 9 marks B = 10 – 11 marks A = 12 – 15 marks

18. Kerala, India – an alternative The problem: Poor living conditions Densely populated Highly dependant on agriculture Poor life expectancy – 48 years old Women ‘second class’

19. The Solution Focus on social changes rather than sanctions. Improving equality Improving education (including for adults) Promoting small families and later marriage Reducing infant mortality and providing vaccinations Free contraception Maternity leave only allowed for first two children Land reform – everyone had land and no one more than 8 ha – self-sufficiency encouraged.

20. Current Situation Has India’s lowest growth rate Stage 4 DMT Improved standard of living (indicators similar to western countries) Higher GDP than other Indian states Social equality – more girls than boys go to university.

21. Task Use your textbook (pages 184-185) to make notes about Kerala’s population policy. More information can be found on Moodle. Make sure you say what has been done and the effects of this. Compare the policies of Kerala and China, discussing similarities and differences. Which do you think is more sustainable in the long term and why?