1. Demography  Demography is the statistical study of human populations  Information about a population is gathered through a census  By subtracting the crude birth rate from the crude death rate we get the rate of natural increase  Human populations can increase exponentially through generations  The doubling time of populations is 70 divided by the growth rate of a population  The population growth rate is also effected by the net migration rate which takes into account immigration and emigration from a country  The demographics of developed and developing countries is changing due to an increase in life expectancy, due to better health, medicine and sanitary conditions Mr. Ballin Social Studies 11

2. Demographic Transition Model  The Demographic Transition Model shows the changes in birth rates, death rates and total population over time  In Stage 1, society is pre-industrial and birth rates and death rates are both high, keeping population growth low  In Stage 2, society is industrializing, health care and food supplies increase leading to a rapid fall in death rates. Birth rates remain high, leading to a rise in population  In Stage 3, industrialization is complete and standards of living are rising so birth rates start to fall  In Stage 4, society is post-industrial and birth rates and death rates are very low due to good health care and high living standards

3. Population Age Structure  The Dependency ratio is the proportion of the population which is being supported by the working population.  It is 21% children and 12% retired people in Canada  It is 47% children and 6% retired people in Bangladesh  A population pyramid graphs age and sex structure in five year intervals called cohorts  Canada has an ageing population. Our population growth is only sustained by immigration.  Most developing (third world) countries in Africa and Asia have very young and rapidly growing populations. China has a one child policy to prevent overpopulation

4. Population Density  Population density is the amount of people per given area. See page 322- 322 for world densities. They are highest in Europe, China, Japan and India  Both physical factors, such as climate, resources and landscape, and human factors, such as government policies, development and disease, decide population densities  Thomas Malthus

5. Living Standards  Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the value of goods and services produced in one country in one year.  U.N. Human Development Index (HDI) ranks countries development by measuring adult literacy, life expectancy and per capita GDP  Canada is ranked #1  Developed countries  Newly industrializing countries  Developing countries  Highly indebted poor countries  Other measures of development: Fertility rates (babies per woman), infant mortality rates, disease rates (such as with HIV/AIDS)  Poverty: the absolute poverty line in developing countries is making less than $1/day  In Canada we have relative poverty, which is measured by people who spend 56% of their income on food (17.2% of our population)  Causes of Poverty: War/conflict, natural disasters, lack of education, unemployment, getting ripped off by multinational companies

6.  The condition of Women: In many developing countries, women do not have any legal rights  They may be treated as property  They may be subject to honour killing  They have a lower chance of being sent to school, which leads to a lower literacy rate among women in these countries  Better educated women have fewer children (lower fertility rates) because they marry later and understand contraception  HIV/Aids: Spread by unprotected sex, needles and childbirth.  Creates a weakened immune system  No cure  Affects 35 million people  11million out of 14 million AIDS deaths have been African  Counties such as Zimbabwe have 25% infection rates  AIDS deaths will cause family, cultural and economic damage

7. Solutions Spending less on the military The world’s largest industry is the military- industrial complex, which is worth $780 million annually For $12 billion we could give everyone a basic education, water and sanitation and reproductive health for all women Foreign Aid Multilateral aid is funded by a number of governments together Bilateral aid is from one government to another. It is often tied aid, meaning there are conditions attached to the aid Often Canadian tied aid requires the receiving country to spend the aid on Canadian products Sources of aid may be government agencies such as CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) or NGOs (non-governmental organizations) ie Oxfam UNICEF, the UN and the WHO (World Health Organization) work to provide aid