Native and Colonial America Unit I AP U.S. History

Bering Sea Land Bridge Migration

Natives ► Nomads ► Agriculturally-based (maize/corn) ► Hopewells/Mississippian  Moundbuilders ► Iroquois  Iroquois Confederacy

Native Map of North America

Europe ► Renaissance (rebirth) ► Growth of Nation-States (England, France, Spain, Portugal) ► Protestant Reformation and Religious Wars  Lutheranism  Calvinism - predestination  Church of England aka Anglican Church  Catholic Counter-Reformation

European Colonization ► Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into America ► Relations with natives  Spain ► Encomienda system and asiento system  England  France

Smallpox

Columbian Exchange

Treaty of Tordesillas

European Colonies

England ► Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power ► Population increases ► Joint-stock companies develop ► Religious conflicts divide the nation ► Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

English Colonies ► Charters ► Corporate Colony  Granted a charter to stockholders  Ex. Virginia ► Proprietary Colony  Granted a charter to individual or group  Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania ► Royal Colony  Under direct control of the monarch  Ex. New Hampshire  Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

The First English Colonies ► First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 ► First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607  John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”  John Rolfe - tobacco

Who is this?

Oh yeah…Pocahontas

Disney’s John Smith

Hollywood’s John Smith

This is John Smith.

Pilgrims ► Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia ► Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters ► Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower (II)

Look, a big rock.

Wampanoag Dwelling

Plymouth Colony

Pulpit/Religion

Thirteen Colonies

New England ► Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)  John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” ► Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636)  “Wall of separation” ► Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)  Antinomianism ► Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker ( ) ► New Hampshire (1679)

New England Culture ► Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle ► Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island ► Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase members ► Salem Witch Trials ( )  Cotton Mather  Spectral evidence ► Education by mothers ► Towns with over 50 families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools

New England Politics ► Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)  First written constitution in America ► New England Confederation ( )  Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven ► King Philip’s (Metacom) War ( )  New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance

Middle Colonies ► New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York ► Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 ► Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and trade ► Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) ► Education by private or churches

Pennsylvania ► William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681) ► Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers ► Holy Experiment  Religious refuge  Liberal political ideals  Economic success  Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

Southern Colonies ► Maryland (1634) ► Virginia (1607) ► Carolinas (1663)  North Carolina (1729)  South Carolina (1729) ► Georgia (1732) ► Limited education due to agricultural base

Virginia ► House of Burgesses in 1619  First legislative assembly in the colonies ► Becomes royal colony in 1624 ► Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)  Inequities between large landowners and western farmers  Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley ► Headright System  50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant

Maryland ► Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics ► Act of Toleration (1649)  Toleration of all Christian sects  Death to those who denied Jesus ► Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

Carolinas ► North Carolina  Tobacco plantations  Well-established autonomy ► South Carolina  Rice plantations  Became heavily dependent on slavery

Georgia ► James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732  Social experiment ► Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida ► Debtors colony

Colonial Religion ► Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence and religious toleration ► Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and denominations viewed as bizarre ► The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)  Over time, economics became prominent over religious conviction  Jonathan Edwards and “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”  George Whitefield  Development of evangelism and individual faith

Colonial Religion

Colonial Politics ► ► Limited Self-Government   Elected legislative assemblies   Governors ► ► Voting   Limited to adult male educated and/or property owners

Colonial Culture/Society Urban Rural

Colonial Society ► ► American Social Structure   Wealthy landowners   Merchants   Small farmers   Craftspeople ► ► Opportunity   Less dependent on heredity ► ► Gender Roles   Men ► ► Patriarchal society, landowners, workers   Women ► ► Submissive to men but respected, domestic responsibilities, limited to no political rights

Colonial American Culture ► ► Becoming American   Pragmatism ► ► Dominance of English culture ► ► Folkways   Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies

Colonial Culture - The Arts ► ► Architecture   Early colonies centered around a church   Urban structures typical of English structures   Frontier log cabins ► ► Painting   Portrait painters and landscapes ► ► Literature   Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction books   Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

Typical Colony Layout

Colonial Culture - Education and Information ► ► Learning   Prominent in New England colonies   Education limited to wealthy males; females learned domestic chores ► ► Newspapers   Limited content on weekly basis   John Peter Zenger case (1735)

Immigration ► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775 ► Europeans and Africans along with a high birth rate ► Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoil ► English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish  OLD IMMIGRANTS ► Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and slave labor

Slavery ► Indentured servitude ► Labor shortages lead to importing slaves ► Cheap labor ► Dependable work force ► Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion – 1739 in South Carolina ► New York “Conspiracy” ► Slave laws

Slave Demographics

Mercantilism and Triangle Trade ► Colonies for the Mother Country ► Acts of Navigation  Trade on English ships  Imports pass English ports  Exports to England ► Triangular Trade  Middle Passage

Dominion of New England ( ) ► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies ► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey ► Governor Edmund Andros ► Dissolution

Colonial Economics ► Land was “gold” ► No established monetary system (gold and silver) ► Transportation  Rivers and coasts  Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal services ► New England  Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading ► Middle Colonies  Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade ► Southern Colonies  Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced labor

PUROPOSEDATEFOUNDERMAJOR EXPORT VIRGINIAcommercial1607Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber NEW YORKcommercial1613 (1664)Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain NEW HAMPSHIREcommercial1623John MasonTimber, naval stores RHODE ISLANDReligious refuge1636Roger WilliamsGrain CONNECTICUTexpansion1635Thomas HookerGrain PENNSYLVANIAReligious refuge1681William Penn - Quakers Grain DELAWAREcommercial1638 (1681)Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain MARYLANDReligious refuge1634Lord Baltimore - Catholics Tobacco NORTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperTobacco, timber, naval stores SOUTH CAROLINAcommercial1663Anthony CooperRice, indigo, naval stores GEORGIABuffer, experiment1733James OglethorpeRice, timber, naval stores () - Becomes an English colony