Learning  relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience  Helps us …

Association  We learn by association  Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning  Ivan Pavlov   Russian physician/ neurophysiologist  Nobel Prize in 1904  studied digestive secretions

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  Unconditioned Response (UCR)  Neutral Stimulus

Then the conditioning is applied:  Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning  Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  Conditioned Response (CR)

Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS Unconditioned Respone will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS Unconditioned Response will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION

Classical Conditioning  Acquisition

Classical Conditioning  Extinction  Spontaneous Recovery

Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Pause Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR

Classical Conditioning  Generalization  tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses  Can be adatptive  Ex.

Classical Conditioning  Discrimination

Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptive Helps organism prepare for good and bad events Helps an animal survive and reproduce

Why is Pavlov’s work important? 1. 2.

Applications of Classical Conditioning In drug treatment = Systematic Desensitization = Aversion Treatment =

Operant Conditioning  Operant Conditioning  Law of Effect

Operant Conditioning  Operant Behavior  Respondent Behavior

Operant Conditioning  B.F. Skinner ( )  elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect  developed behavioral technology

Operant Chamber  Skinner Box  chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer  contains devices to record response rates

Operant Conditioning  Reinforcer  Shaping  Successive Approximation

Ways to increase behavior. Positive reinforcement  Strengthens a response by presenting... Negative reinforcement  Strengthens a response…

Principles of Reinforcement  Primary Reinforcer  Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Schedules of Reinforcement  Continuous Reinforcement  Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement  Fixed Ratio (FR)

Schedules of Reinforcement  Variable Ratio (VR)

Schedules of Reinforcement  Fixed Interval (FI)

Schedules of Reinforcement  Variable Interval (VI)

Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Number of responses Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80

Punishment  Punishment  aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows  powerful controller of unwanted behavior ( )  Administering a ______________ consequence or withdrawing a __________________ one.

Cognition and Operant Conditioning  Cognitive Map  Latent Learning

Cognition and Operant Conditioning  Intrinsic Motivation  Extrinsic Motivation

 Observational Learning  Modeling

Observational Learning  Mirror Neurons  frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so  May…

Observational Learning  Alfred Bandura  Pioneering researcher in observational learning  we look and we learn  Thinking is affected by observations and direct consequences are not necessary

Observational Learning  This 14-month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV  Knowledge of the mere possibility of reinforcement or punishment may be enough to promote or suppress behavior.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner