1. Learning/ Behaviorism
Modules (Chapters) 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Pages

2. Learning
Learning
relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

3. Association We learn by association Associative Learning
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Associative Learning
learning that two events occur together
a response and its consequences (good or bad)

4. Association Learning to associate two events Event 1 Event 2
Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics

5. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli

6. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
Nobel Prize in 1904
studied digestive secretions

7. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation) No
salivation
During Conditioning
After Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth) CS
(tone)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation)
CR (salivation)

8. Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
Pavlov Video

9. Classical Conditioning
organism comes to associate two stimuli
(don’t write – please explain this)
a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

10. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth

11. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

12. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
the initial stage in classical conditioning
the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

13. Classical Conditioning
Extinction
diminishing of a CR
in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS
in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

14. Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Generalization
tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
Altoid

15. Classical Conditioning
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
Big Bang Video

16. Behaviorism
John B. Watson
Baby Albert Handout
Baby Albert Video

17. Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea) CS
(waiting
room) CR

18. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Law of Effect
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences (rewards) become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences (punishments) become less likely

19. Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning involves voluntary actions! Rolling over, playing dead, Retrieving the newspaper. Pigeons
Classical Conditioning involves involuntary actions! Salivating, blinking, feeling sick. Shock baby in hospital.

20. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology

21. Operant Chamber Skinner Box
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
Chinatown Chicken

22. Operant Conditioning Reinforcer Shaping
anything that strengthens the behavior it follows (scooby snacks, trophies, good grades, high fives)
Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
WWII
Skinner Video

23. Operant Conditioning

24. Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus
i.e., satisfies a biological need – food, water, sleep.
Conditioned Reinforcer
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer – ex. Money (just paper)

25. Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquisition
greater resistance to extinction
Ex. If you throw a tennis ball to two dogs.
Changing Behavior With Operant Conditioning Video

26. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Ex. $5 for every 3 bushels of apples put on truck.

27. Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR)
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Ex. gambling (slot machines), fishing
very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

28. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI)
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Ex. Getting paid every two weeks, no matter what.

29. Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI)
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Ex. pop quiz

30. Punishment Punishment
aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior
Use of Reinforcement and Punishment Video

31. Punishment

32. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map – Edward Tolman
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Feedback
Two demos on feedback
Drawing shapes with no feedback and tennis ball toss

33. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
Mowing the lawn

34. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

35. Observational Learning
learning by observing others
Modeling
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Dolls
Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
opposite of antisocial behavior

36. The process of changing or learning to better suit one’s condition
Learned Helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation learned when an animal or human is unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Ex. The caged dogs
Expectancies
If you think you are able to learn or accomplish something, you will. If you think you can’t, you won’t.
Lil engine that could
Adaptation
The process of changing or learning to better suit one’s condition
goggles