Encoding

Attention Review Attention = stimuli filter –Where is filter located?: cocktail party effect Early during sensory input or later during processing Sensory Detection Recognition of meaning Response selection Response Stimulus Early-selection models place the filter here Late-selection models place the filter here

The answer to where the filter is… is both Depends on “cognitive load” Multi-tasking

Encoding is… getting the info in 1.Automatic – enormous amounts of info encoded without thinking Space Time Frequency Well-learned

2. Effortful Requires attention, repetition, effort –Boost memory through rehearsal: conscious repetition

Is it only ever one or the other? NO! –Effortful can become automatic through learning –Ex: learning to read

Principles of Remembering (encoding) The more repetition one day, the less required to relearn the next. –The amount of something remembered depends on the amount of time spent learning Overlearning

Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

Principles of Remembering (encoding) Info learned just before sleep = poorly remembered Spacing effect and cramming –Conclusion?! Serial Position Effect (furthers rehearsal)

Serial Position Effect Primacy effect Recency effect

Effortful Encoding cont’d “those who learn quickly, forget quickly” Spacing effect Massed practice Distributed study time Testing effect

MEMORY GAME

Working memories interact with LTM Visual Auditory Semantic

Levels of Processing Theory

How we encode Semantic: we best encode what makes sense –Learning meaningful material requires 1/10 th the effort of meaningless –Both context and principle help us remember info –Self-reference effect

Acoustically: next powerful encoding to semantic –empire carpet commercial?

Visual Encoding Imagery is important –Rosy retrospection –Imagery is key to mnemonics

But!!! Two codes are better than one –If you can see and understand, you will remember more easily –Examples?

Mnemonics: organization for better memory Peg words Method of loci Chunking –Mnemonics Acronyms Hierarchies Principle Learning