BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of Life Chemicals that make up living things are mostly organic macromolecules belonging to the four groups Carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids http://mset.rst2.edu/portfolios/a/abdelmessih_m/finalproject/biochempro.ppt

Organic Molecules Structure monomers polymers Carbohydrates C,H,O 1:2:1 monosaccharides Polysaccharides Proteins C,H,O,N,S Amino Acids Polypeptides Lipids Fatty Acids Complex fat Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P Nucleotides RNA, DNA

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates have the general formula of(CH2O)n, with abundant hydroxyl groups(-OH). Carbohydrates can be either a single sugar, (Click) monosaccharide like glucose, (Click) a disaccharide like sucrose, or a series of monosaccharides (Click) polysaccharides like Starch. Back Table

Monosaccharides glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and fructose, a sugar found in honey. Although all three share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), the arrangement of atoms differs in each case. Substances such as these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are known as isomers. Back Carbohydrates

+ http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/Westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm Two monosaccharides can be linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide by Condensation reaction The reverse reaction is Hydrolysis where sucrose molecule is broken down into two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Condensation Hydrolysis http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/Westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/reaction_types.html + H2O Sucrose Back Carbohydrate

Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Complex molecules composed of three or more monosaccharides Starch Stores glucose in plant in the form of Glycogen Stores glucose in animals in the form of highly branched chain, used for quick energy. Coiled unbranched chain Highly branched chain Cellulose In the form of straight chains linked together by hydrogen bonds. Gives rigidity and strength to plant cells Back Carbohydrates

Proteins Macromolecules or polymers constructed from one or more unbranched chains of polypeptide .A polypeptide chain is composed of amino acids. A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids The protein represented here consists of two polypeptide chains, a long one on the left and a short one on the right. Amino acids (Click) are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins. 20 different amino acids are used to synthesize proteins. The shape and other properties of each protein is dictated by the precise sequence of amino acids in it. *** The important example of proteins are (Click) Enzymes. Back Table

The basic structural of an Amino Acid Hydrogen Carboxyl Group Amino Group ALANINE Functional Group GLYCINE VALINE Amino acids are joined together by a (Click) peptide bond. Back Table Back Proteins

Amino acids are joined by condensation and a water molecule is removed Amino acids are joined by condensation and a water molecule is removed. It is formed as a result of a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.The bond formed as a result between the two amino acids is called a peptide bond and the product is called dipeptide. http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/proteins/peptide.html http://plantsciences.montana.edu/cqlab/proteinformation.htm Back Table http://michele.usc.edu/java/pept.html Back Proteins Back Amino acids

Enzymes Enzymes are (Click) catalysts. Most are proteins. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the reaction In order to do its work, an enzyme must unite with at least one of the reactants(substrate). This requirement for complementarity in the configuration of substrate and enzyme explains the remarkable specificity of most enzymes. Generally, a given enzyme is able to catalyze only a single chemical reaction Back Table Back proteins

Enzymes are organic molecules that act as catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy. Back Enzymes

Lipids Large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water. They have higher ratio of carbon hydrogen bonds ( that store energy) than carbon oxygen bonds. Most lipids are composed of (Click) fatty acids. Lipids Complex Lipids (Click) Steroids (Click) Triglycerides (Click) Phospholipids (Click) Waxes Cholesterol Back Table

(nonpolar,interact With water molecules) A fatty acid is a long unbranched carbon chain with carboxyl group –COOH attached to one end. Ahydrocarbon end (nonpolar,interact With water molecules) hydrophobic A carboxyl group (polar,attracted to water molecules) Hydrophilic Saturated fatty acid Carbon atoms make single bonds. Back Unsaturated Carbon atoms make double bond. Back Lipids

Triglycerides Three molecules of fatty acids + a glycerol molecule Unsaturated Triglycerides Saturated Triglycerides unsaturated fatty acids Liquids at room temperature Ex. Plant seed & fruits Saturated fatty acids Solid at room temperature Ex. Animal fats Back Lipids

Phospholipids Two molecules of fatty acids + a glycerol molecule Hydrophilic Head Hydrophobic Tails Hydrophilic Head http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap1101 http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm Our cell membranes are made mostly of phospholipids arranged in a double layer with the tails from both layers “inside” (facing toward each other) and the heads facing “out” (toward the watery environment) on both surfaces( lipid bilayer). The membrane serves as barrier between the inside and outside of the cell Back Lipids

Waxes Steroids Long fatty acid chain+Long alcohol chain. It forms protective layer in animal and plants Steroids Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups Ex. **cholesterol **many animal hormones like the male hormone testosterone. Back Lipids

Nucleic Acids Very large molecules(polymers) that store genetic information. They composed of linked monomers called (Click) nucleotides. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid contains information for all cell activities RNA Ribonucleic acid stores and transfer the information for protein production Back Table

Nucleotide Structure: Monomers of nucleic acids Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Five Carbon Sugar Back Nucleic acid