Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 2:1 ratio (2 H for every 1O) Types of carbohydrates: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides Building blocks of carbohydrates Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose. Contain energy in bonds.

Dehydration synthesis “ Dehydration” – loss of water “Synthesis” – to make Water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded.

Dehydration synthesis Bond is formed between the –OH bonds of each monosaccharide OH from one bonds with the H of the other OHH 2 0 Disaccharide is formed from the 2 sugars

Dissacharides Double Sugar (Glucose + Glucose) Example: Table Sugar

Polysaccharides Many simple sugars bonded together Excess sugar is stored as polysaccharides. Formed by joining monosaccharide units. Examples: cellulose (plant starch) glycogen (animal starch)

Polysaccharide examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen hundreds of glucose molecules hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules

Hydrolysis When polysaccharides are split apart to form monosaccharides by adding water. Hydrolysis= “hydro” water/ “lysis” to split Molecule of water is consumed when the bond between monosaccharides is split.

Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy (C-H) bonds Form biological membranes Chemical messengers Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes

Structure of Lipids 3 fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule combined will produce lipids and water. Fatty-acids- building blocks of lipids / long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group attached. Carboxyl group- made of 1 carbon atom, 1 hydrogen atom, and 2 oxygen atoms.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Lipids Saturated lipids are C-C Solid at room temperature. Examples: Butter, animal fat Unsaturated lipids have at least one C=C Liquid at room temperature Examples: Oils

Structure of Lipids

Other Lipids Examples: -Cholesterol -Steroids -Waxes -Phospholipids (cell membrane)

Sterols and Phospholipids Sterols- provide membrane support and serve as hormones. Examples: cholesterol and steroids Phospholipids- made of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. (water loving and hating) –Important in membrane structures

Hydrophilic Head (video)video) Hydrophobic Tales

What are proteins? Proteins- organic molecules made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Polymers of amino acids.

Amino acid- building blocks of protien / made of an amino group Made up of: - Amino Group (-NH 2 ) - Carboxyl Group (-COOH) - H atom - “R” group (Always varies) 20 different amino acids, which can combine to form an amazing at least 1000 different proteins that make up living tissue

Examples of amino acids

Amino acids form proteins through dehydration synthesis

2 amino acids form a dipeptide bond More than 2 amino acids Is a polypeptide chain

Function of protein Carry out chemical reactions Let molecules in and out of cells

Protein Structure

folded or bent into sheets

Protein Structure compacted & folded

Protein Structure (video)(video) when proteins combine

Enzymes enzymes are proteins. Catalysts- substances that speed up the rate of a reaction. Enzymes are the bodies catalysts!

Nucleic acids- large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms. –Made up of nucleotides Nucleotides- building blocks of nucleic acids / made of a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. 2 types of nucleic acids DNA RNA

Elements that make up all living organisms!!! Acronym 

Nucleotide

Function of Nucleic Acids DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid Store and transmit genetic information.

Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA DNA has 4 base pairs: G = Guanine A = Adenine C = Cytosine T = Thyamine

Structure of Nucleotides “double ring”“single ring” (video)(video)

Quiz 1. What is ONE function of a carbohydrate in an animal? 2. What is a lipid? Where would you find lipids in an animal? 3. What are the FIVE elements that make up living matter? 4. What are three parts of a nucleotide?