1. Macromolecules
aka Giant Molecules

2. Macromolecules:
Are made from thousands →hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules
Are formed by polymerization
Making of large molecules from the joining of smaller ones
Smaller units = monomers
(mono – one)
Larger units = polymers
(poly – many)

3. 4 Groups of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. Carbohydrates:
Made of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1
Functions:
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy
Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structure

5. Monosaccharides (mono = one):
Smaller / simple carbohydrate
Our body's primary source of energy takes the form of glucose C6H12O6
Other monosaccharide include fructose and galactose

6. Polysaccharides (poly = many):
Are complex carbohydrates
Chains of monosaccharides
Ideal storage molecules for energy :
they are large & fold compactly
they are easily converted into the required sugars when needed
Plants use to store excess sugar, and make cellulose needed for structure

8. Lipids: Lipids are the only macromolecule that is not a polymer
Mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acids

9. Saturated or Unsaturated:
Saturated – carbon and hydrogen single bonds
Solid at room temp
Unsaturated –have double bonds
Liquid at room temp

10. Lipid Structure:
Glycerol
Fatty acid

11. Important Function of Lipids:
Make up biological membranes and waterproof coverings
Phospholipids are the main component in cell membranes

12. Examples of Lipids:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids

13. Proteins: Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
Are polymers of amino acids = building blocks of proteins
20 Amino acids
Each amino acid is different and therefore has its own unique properties

14. Protein Structure: Amino acids are compounds with:
amino group on one end
carboxyl group on the other end
‘R’ = where amino acid attaches
Amino Carboxyl
Group Group

15. Functions of Proteins:
Are enzymes
Used for storage
Transport molecules
Are a major component of muscles
Mediate cell responses
Give structural support

16. Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon & phosphorus
Polymers assembled from individual monomers called nucleotides
2 kinds
DNA
RNA

17. DNA / RNA Information: Long chains of nucleotides DNA RNA
Double stranded
Contains the genetic information of an organism organized into chromosomes
RNA
Single stranded
Involved in protein synthesis

18. Nucleic Acid Structure:
Three main parts:
Sugar
Phosphate
alternating sugar & phosphate molecules = backbone
3) Nitrogenous bases
are oriented in the center

19. RNA / DNA Structure:

20. Carbon Compounds Carbon Compounds Lipids Nucleic aci Proteins Lipids
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Carbohydrat
Lipids
Nucleic aci
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,