10.4 Plant Reproduction * Indicates Vocab Word

Stages of Plant Life Cycle Plants have complex life cycles that include 2 different stages: 1) The sporophyte stage 2) The gametophyte stage

Plant Stages: *Sporophyte During this stage the plant produces spores These spores develop into the next stage: the Gametophyte

Plant Stages: *Gametophyte During this stage 2 kinds of sex cells are made: 1) Sperm Cells 2) Egg Cells Fill out the cycle on the next page when done copying

Sporophyte Stage Gametophyte Stage Plant Life Cycle All plants go through two stages in their life cycle. Which are the sporophyte and gametophyte stages? Sporophyte Stage Gametophyte Stage

Plant Life Cycles Plants are based on the length of their life cycle There are three main types: 1)*Annuals 2)*Biennials 3)*Perennials

Plant Life Cycles *Annuals: flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season Ex: marigolds, petunias, wheat, and Cucumbers

Plant Life Cycles *Biennials: Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years 1st Year: The plant germinates and grows roots, short stems and leaves 2nd Year: The stems lengthen, new leaves grow, flowers and seeds are produced Ex: Parsley, Celery, and foxglove

Plant Life Cycles *Perennials: Flowering plants that live for more than two years (most flower every year) Ex: Apples, Kale, Watercress

Plant Reproduction All plants undergo sexual reproduction that involves fertilization *Fertilization-occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell *Zygote-the name for a fertilized egg

Sexual Reproduction Fertilization can only occur in some plants if water is present in the environment The sperm cells swim to the egg via water Ex. Algae Other plants have adaptions to fertilize in dry environments Slower than Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Many plants go through asexual reproduction Only one parent and offspring are identical to parent This does not involve flowers, pollination, or seeds Faster than Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Because only 1 parent: populations grow fast Negatives: no genetic variation Grafting: part of a plants stem is cut and attached to another related plant species Thus plants can now make more than 1 kind of fruit

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Some plants need a very moist environment to release spores The spores then grow to become gametophytes When those produce eggs, the sperm needs the moist environment to be able to swim to the eggs Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns, club mosses, horsetails

Nonvascular and Seedless Vascular Plants Spotlight: Fern The fronds are the sporophyte stage of plant On the underside of mature ferns spores develop in a spore case-wind/water carry these spores along distance If the spore lands in moist shaded soil it will grow into a gametophyte

Gymnosperm Reproduction Cycle Explain the steps of pollination and fertilization in the cycle.

*Cones-the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm

Pollination

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On Next Page Fill in the chart For Pollination And Fertilization

Angiosperm Reproduction 1st pollen falls on a flowers stigma Then the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flowers ovule After that the zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed

Angiosperms: Pollination A flower is pollinated when a grain of pollen falls on the stigma A flower is pollinated by the wind, or other animals (think back to pollinators from 10.3)

Angiosperms: Fertilization If the pollen falls on the stigma of a similar plant fertilization can occur Sperm cells join with the egg cells inside an ovule within the ovary A zygote then develops

Angiosperms: Fruit development and Seed Dispersal *Fruit- the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds Fruits are the means by which angiosperm seeds are dispersed; animals dispers seeds when they eat in one place and defecate in an other Ex: apples, cherries, tomatoes, squash

Angiosperm Reproduction Reproduction in angiosperms begins with flowers.