Chapter 6 Section 2

Vocab Civil War Julius Caesar Triumvirate Augustus Pax Romana

Fall of the Republic Economic Turmoil Gap between rich and poor widen as republic grows Majority of population forced to sell land and work on large estates Growing discontent among lower classes Military Upheaval Generals seize power Use the poor and homeless; promise lands Soldiers now loyal to generals not republic Will a general take Rome by force????

Julius Caesar Takes Control Julius Caesar (60 B.C.E.) Military leader Join forces with Crassus (wealthy Roman) & Pompey (another general) Gets elected consul in 59 B.C.E. Next 10 years they will rule Rome as a triumvirate.

Julius Caesar Takes Control Julius serves one year as consul Leads his army to conquer all of Gaul (France) Fights with his men; gaining loyalty and devotion Victory in Gaul gains Julius great support throughout all of Rome Now Pompey is nervous about Julius’ ambitions…….

Julius Caesar Takes Control Pompey urges the Senate to order Julius to disband his legions and return to Rome Julius defines his government and in January of 49 B.C.E. he takes his army across the Rubicon River to attack Pompey at Rome Pompey flees; and Julius chases him to Greece, Asia, Spain, and then Greece. When Julius arrives in Greece; he is presented with the head of Pompey!!!!

Julius Caesar Takes Control Julius returns to Rome in 46 B.C.E. and is appointed dictator 44 B.C.E Julius is named dictator for life!

Caesar’s Reforms Julius Caesar’s Reforms Granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the Senate Ruled with absolute power….why??? Created jobs (new public buildings) Increases pay for soldiers

“Et tu Brute?” Many nobles and Senators are concerned over Julius Caesar’s success Group of Senators plot to assassinate him March 15 th, 44 B.C.E. Marcus Brutus and Gauis Cassius stab Julius to death in the Senate chamber Last words, “Et tu Brute” (you too Brutus?)

Beginning of the Empire After Caesar’s death civil war breaks out Octavian (Caesars nephew), Mark Antony (general), and Lepidus (powerful politician) combine to create Second Triumvirate (43 B.C.E.) Rule Rome for next ten years Triumvirate ends in jealousy….

Octavian becomes Augustus Octavian and Mark Antony become rivals While fighting in Anatolia Antony meets Queen Cleopatra of Egypt They fall in love and he goes with her back to Egpt Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt and another civil war breaks out…. Octavian is successful against Antony and Cleopatra in 31 B.C.E. Octavian becomes the unchallenged ruler of Rome and takes the title Augustus (exalted one) and imperator (supreme military leader) or emperor…

Vast and Powerful Empire Pax Romana: 207 years of peace in the Roman Empire from 27 B.C.E- 180 A.D. Roman Empire covered nearly 3 million square miles and had between million citizens Rome itself was home to 1 million people

A Vast and Powerful Empire Agriculture: Agriculture was most important industry in the Empire About 90% of the people of Rome were farmers Most Romans survived on local produce; however extra food and luxury items were obtained through trade\ Trade: Vast trade system Ships from the east traveled with Roman navy protections Rome even traded with China and India