Anatomy & Physiology Biology 141 Fall 2007 Roberta Brashear-Kaulfers Syllabus distribution Class Cards Website info:

Levels of Organization An Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Objective: define terms and describe specialties of each Biology- study of life Anatomy- study of internal and external structures and relationship among parts Physiology-study of functions of body Relationship between A & P: *All functions are performed by specific structures

2 Main Groups of Anatomy: #1 Gross Anatomy Macroscopic, large structures visible with unaided eye 5 types: 1) surface anatomy- 2) regional - 3) systemic – 4) developmental- 5) clinical-

#2 Microscopic Anatomy Microscopic-need microscope to visualize 1) Cytology- internal structures of cells 2) Histology- examine tissues,groups of specialized cells that form organs

Physiology-study of function Specialties: 1) Cell physiology- function of cells, chemical and molecular 2) Special- specific organs 3) Systemic- specific organ systems 4) pathological- effects of disease on organ functions Physicians use all of these to evaluate

Levels of Organization 1) chemical/molecular- atoms & molecules 2) Cellular –cells 3) Tissue – tissues 4) Organ- 2 or more tissues form an organ 5) Organ system- 11 of them 6) Organism- total human 7) Population 8) Community 9) Ecosystem 10) Biosphere

Organ Systems 1) Integumentary- 2) Muscular- 3) Endocrine- 4) Lymphatic- 5) Digestive- 6) Skeletal-

Organ Systems 7) Nervous- 8) Cardiovascular- 9) Respiratory- 10)Urinary- 11) Reproductive (male)- 11) Reproductive (female)

Homeostasis Maintain a stable internal balance, 1) Autoregulation-intrinsic, adjusts to some environmental change 2) Extrinsic- nervous or endocrine (exercise), very specific reaction Reaction needs: 1) receptor/stimulus 2) control center/integration 3) effector cell/organ that responds

Homeostasis Negative feedback- response causes a negative feedback and blocks stimulus so the reaction shuts down and stabilizes Positive feedback- initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the condition Eventual state of Equilibrium, when opposing forces are in balance

Frames of Reference Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks: locations p 16 anatomical position- stand with hands down, palms facing forward, feet together 1) anterior- front 2) posterior- back 3) supine- lay down face up 4) prone- lay down face down

Anatomical Regions Anatomical Regions- 4 Abdominopelvic quadrants: 1) Rt upper quadrant- 2) Lt upper quadrant- 3) Rt lower quadrant- 4) Lt lower quadrant- 9 abdominopelvic regions- pg 17

Anatomical Directions Posterior- dorsal Anterior- ventral Cranial- top/head Caudal- bottom/feet Proximal- close to body Distal- away from body

Sectional Anatomy -3”D” slices Sectional plane- Transverse plane- Frontal plane- Sagittal plane- Body Cavities- 1) protect organs and cushion them 2) permit changes in size/shape of internal organs

Body Cavities and Viscera Ventral body cavity- coelom /diaphragm seperates the superior thoracic cavity from inferior abdominopelvic cavity Viscera-organs covered with serous membrane 2 layers between organ and cavity are: parietal layer and visceral layer

Thoracic Cavity Lungs, heart = respiratory, cardio, lymph, esophagus and thymus Left and right pleural cavity separated by mediastinum-connective tissue that stabilizes and supports esophagus, trachea, thymus, blood vessels Pericardial cavity- surround heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity Diaphragm to the pelvis Abdominal (superior)- liver, spleen, small intestine, stomach, most of large intestine, kidney and pancreas Pelvic (inferior)- large intestine, urinart bladder, reproductive organs Areas separated by peritonuem- parietal and visceral

Assignments Chapter 1 page 25 review questions