1. Chapter 1 Notes
The Human Organism

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure. Ex. Anatomy describes the shape and size of bones.
Physiology
the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
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3. Types of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy- structures examined without a microscope.
Systemic- studied system by system.
Regional- studied area by area.
Surface- external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.
Microscopic Anatomy- structures seen with a microscope.
Cytology: cellular anatomy.
Histology: study of tissues.
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4. Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things.
Considers operations of specific organ systems.
Cell physiology- examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology- focuses on the nervous system
Pathology
Exercise Physiology
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5. Structural & Functional Organizations
Chemical level
Atoms
Molecules
Cell level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
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6. Terminology and the Body Plan
Anatomical Position- body erect, face forward, feet together and palms face forward
Other Body Positions
Supine: lying face upward.
Prone: lying face downward.
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7. Directional Terms Superior- A structure above another.
Inferior- A structure below another.
Anterior- The front of the body.
Posterior- The back of the body.
Dorsal-Back area.
Ventral-Stomach area.
Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure.
Distal- Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure.
Medial- Toward the midline of the body.
Lateral- Away from the midline of the body.
Superficial- Toward or on the surface.
Deep- Away from the surface, internal.
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8. Body Terms
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10. Characteristics of life
Organization- condition in which there are specific relationships and functions.
Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body.
Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and adjust.
Growth
Development- changes over time.
Differentiation- change from general to specific.
Morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues, organs.
Reproduction- new cells or organisms.
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11. CONCEPT CHECK! What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
-A: study of the structures & parts of an organism
-P: study of the processes & functions
What are the levels of organization of living things? Describe them.
-cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
What is metabolism?
-all the chemical reactions in the body
What is the difference between growth and development?
-growth: increase in height or mass
-development: changes over time (differentiation & morphogenesis)
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12. Body Parts and Regions
Upper limb- consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, & hand.
Lower limb- consists of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Central region of body- consists of the head, neck and trunk.
Trunk: divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
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13. Body Planes
Sagittal plane- divides the body vertically into right & left portions
Midsagittal/Median- divides the body into equal right and left halves.
Parasagittal- runs vertically through the body to one side of the midline
Transverse (Horizontal)- divides the body into superior & inferior portions.
Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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15. Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity- surrounded by the rib cage
Mediastinum- contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, blood, & vessels.
Diaphragm- large muscle that separates upper & lower cavities
Abdominal Cavity
Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
Pelvic Cavity
Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestines, and the internal reproductive organs.
Ambdominopelvic- large double cavity below breathing muscle
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16. Serous Membranes
Serous membranes- covers the organs & lining of the trunk cavities.
Visceral-thin membrane that covers the organs within the cavity.
Parietal- wall of body cavity that covers its surface.
Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart
Pleural cavity- surrounds each lung.
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17. Systems of the Body Systems Studied 
Integumentary-consists of skin, hair, nails & sweat glands
Skeletal-protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores minerals (bones)
Muscular-consists of muscles (movement)
Nervous-consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors
Vascular-blood
Circulatory-consists of the heart and blood vessels
Respiratory-exchanges gases btn the blood & air & regulates blood pH
Digestive-breaks down food & absorbs nutrients
Reproductive-ability to reproduce new offspring
Not Studied…But still important to the body 
Endocrine-consists of glands that secrete hormones
Lymphatic-maintains tissue fluid balance & absorbs fat
Urinary-removes waste products from the circulatory system & regulates blood pH
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18. Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
Set point- the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?
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19. Negative Feedback
Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.
3 Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some variable (Ex. Blood Pressure)
Control Center: establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
Effector: can change the value of the variable.
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20. Negative Feedback
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21. Positive Feedback
When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater.
Leads away from homeostasis.
Can result in death. 
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