1. Introduction
Anatomy

2. The basic functions of organisms
Organization
Responsiveness
Growth and differentiation
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism and excretion

3. The Specialties of Anatomy
Anatomy can be divided into gross and microscopic:
Forms of Gross Anatomy
Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking
Regional anatomy – study of specific area
Systemic anatomy – study of system
Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception to physical maturity.
Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions
Cytology – study of cell
Histology – study of tissue

4. The Specialties of Physiology
Physiology is the study of the normal function of cell, tissue, organs, systems and organisms
Physiology can be divided into the following specialties:
Cell physiology – study of cell
Special physiology - study of specific organ
Systemic physiology – study of system
Pathological physiology – study of the effect of disease on cell, tissue, organ and system.

5. Levels of Organization

6. Levels of Organization

7. An Introduction to the Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Endocrine system
Muscular system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Urinary system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system

20. Two general points within homeostasis
Homeostasis is a stable internal environment
Every organism must maintain homeostasis for survival
Homeostatic regulation is responsible for keeping internal environment within certain limits.
Two general points within homeostasis
Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation – results when cell, organ or system adjusts its activity automatically.
Extrinsic regulation - results from activity of nervous system or endocrine system

21. Homeostatic regulation involves
A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consist of :
A receptor – senses an environmental change or stimuli.
A control center –processes information supplied by receptor and generates a response (command)
An effector – an organ or cell that responds to the command of control center.
A variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response to correct the situation
Negative feedback

22. Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

23. Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
In positive feedback an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the change in the original condition. For instance:
Damage to blood vessel wall will cause release of chemicals.
Chemicals will trigger blood clotting
Clotting process increases release of chemicals
More chemicals means accelerated clotting
Accelerated clotting means more chemicals

24. Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

25. Body Cavities

26. Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
The thoracic cavity is subdivided into:
Left and right pleural cavities (each pleural cavity contains one lung) lined by the visceral and parietal pleura
The mediastinum contains the pericardium (pericardial cavity), another serous membrane that surrounds the heart
Animation: Heart Dissection (see tutorial)

27. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum
The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis
liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

28. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle
reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine
Animation: Digestive System Dissection (see tutorial)