1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. Learning Objectives Describe the basic functions of organisms.
Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each.
Identify the major levels of organization in organisms .
Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components.
Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback.
Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

3. SECTION 1-1 Introduction: Studying the Human body

4. The basic functions of organisms
Organization
Responsiveness
Growth and differentiation
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism and excretion

5. The Specialties of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology

6. Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy
All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.
Figure 1.1

7. The Specialties of Physiology
Cell physiology
Special physiology
Systemic physiology
Pathological physiology

8. SECTION 1-2 Levels of Organization

9. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

10. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

11. Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Endocrine system
Muscular system
Cardiovascular system

12. Figure 1.3.1

13. Figure 1.3.2

14. Figure 1.3.3

15. Figure 1.3.4

16. Figure 1.3.5

17. Figure 1.3.6

18. Figure 1.3 continued Lymphatic system Urinary system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
PLAY
Animation: Samples of the Visible Human Data set

19. Figure 1.3.7

20. Figure 1.3.8

21. Figure 1.3.9

22. Figure

23. Figure

24. Figure

25. SECTION Homeostasis

26. Two general points within homeostasis
Autoregulation
Extrinsic regulation

27. Homeostatic regulation involves
A receptor
A control center
An effector

28. Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

29. Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

30. SECTION 1-4 A frame of reference for anatomical studies

31. Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward
Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions
Sectional anatomy provides directional references

32. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

33. Figure 1.7b

34. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

35. Figure 1.8b, c

36. Figure 1.9 Directional References

37. Plans and Sections are important in visualizing structures
Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior
Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right
Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

38. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

39. Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

40. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities
Figure 1.12a, b

41. Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum
Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura
The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart
PLAY
Animation: Heart Dissection

42. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum
The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis
liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

43. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle
reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine
PLAY
Animation: Digestive System Dissection

44. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
Ultrasound images
Spiral CT scans
Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

45. Figure X-rays
Figure 1.13

46. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

47. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods
Figure 1.15c

48. You should now be familiar with:
The characteristics of life.
The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions.
The levels of organization in the human body.
The definition and importance of homeostasis.
The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.