1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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2. Topics The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Levels of Organization
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Homeostasis and System Integration
The Language of Anatomy
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

3. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

4. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Means “a cutting open”
Is the study of internal and external structures
Physiology
Is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

5. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy can be divided into:
Gross (macroscopic)
Microscopic
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

6. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Gross anatomy
Features visible to the naked eye
Approaches:
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

7. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Microscopic anatomy
Structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Specialties:
Cytology
Histology
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

8. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology
Human physiology
Cell physiology
Special physiology
Systemic physiology
Pathological physiology
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

9. Levels of Organization
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

10. Levels of Organization
Organization at each level determines structural characteristics and functions of higher levels
Chemical (or molecular) level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

11. Levels of Organization
Chemical (or molecular) level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Molecular shape determines function
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

12. Levels of Organization
Cellular level
Cells
Smallest living units in the body
Molecules interact to form intracellular structures
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

13. Levels of Organization
Tissue level
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

14. Levels of Organization
Organ level
2 or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

15. Levels of Organization
Organ system level
Interaction of organs for a specific function
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

16. Levels of Organization
Organism level
All organ systems working together to maintain life and health
Highest level of organization
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

17. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

18. An Introduction to Organ Systems
11 organ systems in the human body
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

19. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

20. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Skeletal system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

21. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Muscular system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

22. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Nervous system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

23. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Endocrine system
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24. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

25. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Lymphatic system
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26. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Respiratory system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

27. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Digestive system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

28. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Urinary system
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

29. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Reproductive system (female)
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

30. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Reproductive system (male)
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

31. Homeostasis and System Integration
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

32. Homeostasis and System Integration
Homeostatic regulation
Homeostasis and disease
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

33. Homeostasis and System Integration
Homeostatic regulation
Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

34. Homeostasis and System Integration
Homeostatic regulation involves:
Receptor
Sensitive to environmental stimulus
Control center
Receives and processes information from receptor
Effector
Responds to the control center commands
Opposes or reinforces the stimulus
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

35. Homeostasis and System Integration
Negative feedback
Effector opposes original stimuli
Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic response to correct the situation
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

36. Homeostasis and System Integration
Negative feedback
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37. Homeostasis and System Integration
Negative feedback
Thermoregulation
Control center—brain
Receptors—brain and skin
Effectors—blood vessels and sweat glands
Maintain a normal range, not a set value
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

38. Homeostasis and System Integration
Negative feedback
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

39. Homeostasis and System Integration
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces response that reinforces that stimulus
Positive feedback loops
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

40. Homeostasis and System Integration
Positive feedback loop
Regulation of potentially dangerous process that requires quick completion
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

41. Homeostasis and System Integration
Positive feedback loop
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

42. Homeostasis and System Integration
Homeostasis and disease
When homeostatic regulation fails:
Organ systems malfunction
Disease results
Symptoms are present
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

43. The Language of Anatomy
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

44. The Language of Anatomy
Surface anatomy
Sectional anatomy
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

45. The Language of Anatomy
Surface anatomy
Anatomical landmarks
Anatomical regions
Anatomical directions
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

46. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical landmarks
Anatomical position
Hands at sides
Palms forward
Feet together
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

47. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical landmarks
Supine
Face up
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

48. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical landmarks
Prone
Face down
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

49. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

50. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical directions
Anterior/ventral
Posterior/dorsal
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51. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional anatomy
Planes and sections
Body cavities
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

52. The Language of Anatomy
Planes and sections
3 primary sectional planes
Transverse—superior/inferior
Frontal—anterior/posterior
Sagittal—left/right
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

53. The Language of Anatomy
Planes and sections
Transverse
Divides body into superior and inferior
A cut in this plane is called a cross section
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

54. The Language of Anatomy
Planes and sections
Frontal (coronal)
Divides body into anterior and posterior
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

55. The Language of Anatomy
Planes and sections
Sagittal
Divides body into right and left
A cut that divides the body into left and right halves is a midsagittal section
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

56. The Language of Anatomy
Body cavities
Protect delicate organs
Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

57. The Language of Anatomy
Body cavities
Serous membrane
Lines walls of cavities and covers surface of viscera
Permits movement while reducing friction
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

58. The Language of Anatomy
Body cavities
Thoracic cavity
Pericardial cavity
Lies within the mediastinum
Pair of pleural cavities
Each surrounds a lung
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

59. The Language of Anatomy
Body cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity
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60. Summary Differences between anatomy and physiology
Levels of organization
Organ systems
Homeostasis
Integration of systems
Anatomical language
Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ