1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1, part 1
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Learning Objectives Describe the basic functions of organisms.
Define anatomy and physiology and the various specialties of each.
Identify the major levels of organization in organisms .
Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and their major components.
Explain the concept of homeostasis, including both positive and negative feedback.
Using the proper anatomical terms, identify the major body cavities.

3. SECTION 1-1 Introduction: Studying the Human body

4. The basic functions of organisms
Organization
Responsiveness
Growth and differentiation
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism and excretion

5. The Specialties of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology
Histology

6. Figure 1.1 Comparative Anatomy
All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.
Figure 1.1

7. The Specialties of Physiology
Cell physiology
Special physiology
Systemic physiology
Pathological physiology

8. SECTION 1-2 Levels of Organization

9. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

10. Figure 1.2 Levels of Organization

11. Figure 1.3 An Introduction to the Organ Systems
Systems to be Examined this Quarter
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system

12. Figure 1.3.1

13. Figure 1.3.2

14. Figure 1.3.3

15. Figure 1.3.5

16. SECTION Homeostasis

17. Two general points within homeostasis
Autoregulation--
Extrinsic regulation

18. Homeostatic regulation involves
A receptor
A control center
An effector

19. Negative Feedback Analogy: Cooling your house

20. Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of Body Temperature

21. Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

22. SECTION 1-4 A frame of reference for anatomical studies

23. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

24. Figure 1.7b

25. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

26. Figure 1.8b, c

27. Figure 1.9 Directional References

28. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

29. Body Cavities Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs
Cavities protect vital organs
Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size
Two body cavities
Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

30. Ventral Body Cavities

31. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities
Figure 1.12a, b

32. Thoracic Cavities The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.
It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum
Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura
The mediastinum (not a cavity but a region) contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart
PLAY
Animation: Heart Dissection

33. Thoracic Cavity

34. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum
The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis
liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

35. Abdominopelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle
reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine
PLAY
Animation: Digestive System Dissection

36. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body
X-rays
Computerized tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
Ultrasound images
Spiral CT scans
Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

37. Figure X-rays
Figure 1.13

38. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

39. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods
Figure 1.15c

40. You should now be familiar with:
The characteristics of life.
The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions.
The levels of organization in the human body.
The definition and importance of homeostasis.
The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.