Civilizations in Crisis: Ottoman Empire, Islamic Heartlands, Qing China

Decline of the Ottomans Weak rulers Weak rulers Decrease in artisans because of European imports Decrease in artisans because of European imports Outside threats: Europeans and Russians Outside threats: Europeans and Russians Inside threats: nationalism (Balkans breaking up) Inside threats: nationalism (Balkans breaking up)

Attempted Ottoman Reform Selim III- (r ) tried to reform but angered factions in bureaucracy and Janissary Corps toppled him in 1807 Selim III- (r ) tried to reform but angered factions in bureaucracy and Janissary Corps toppled him in 1807 Mahmud II succeeded Mahmud II succeeded  Got European support in building an army to topple the Janissaries  Patterned reform on the west, which increased western European involvement  Tanzimat reforms

Revolt in the Ottoman Empire Sultan Abdul Hamid ( ) returned to despotic absolutism Sultan Abdul Hamid ( ) returned to despotic absolutism 1908 bloodless coup 1908 bloodless coup  Exiled intellectuals and political activists formed a society (Society for Reform and Progress, a.k.a.-Young Turks) and demanded return to 1876 constitution

Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands Islamic heartlands open to invasion by western Europe with Ottoman decline Islamic heartlands open to invasion by western Europe with Ottoman decline

Muhammad Ali 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt 1798 Napoleon invaded Egypt His threat is discounted and they win early battles His threat is discounted and they win early battles British defeat French and 1801 French withdraw British defeat French and 1801 French withdraw Muhammad Ali built up European-style military Muhammad Ali built up European-style military Khedives- Ali’s successors who ruled until 1952 Khedives- Ali’s successors who ruled until 1952

Foreigners in Egypt 1869 Suez Canal made Egypt extremely strategic because it linked Europe with its colonial holdings 1869 Suez Canal made Egypt extremely strategic because it linked Europe with its colonial holdings Need for Muslim unity to ward off invaders Need for Muslim unity to ward off invaders Ahmad Orabi challenged foreign interests but the British crushed his rebellion Ahmad Orabi challenged foreign interests but the British crushed his rebellion

Jihad British drawn to the South (Sudan) where everyone wanted control of the Nile British drawn to the South (Sudan) where everyone wanted control of the Nile Egyptian authority greatly resented there Egyptian authority greatly resented there Mahdi (Muhammed Achmad came to be the promised deliverer) rebelled to purge Islam and gained control of Sudan Mahdi (Muhammed Achmad came to be the promised deliverer) rebelled to purge Islam and gained control of Sudan 1896 British General Kitchener defeated them at the battle of Omdurman 1896 British General Kitchener defeated them at the battle of Omdurman

Rise of the Qing Dynasty Manchu conquest of China (Nurhaci united the tribes and became Manchu leader) Manchu conquest of China (Nurhaci united the tribes and became Manchu leader) Weakness of the Ming gave the Manchus the opportunity to seize China, where they took the dynastic name Qing Weakness of the Ming gave the Manchus the opportunity to seize China, where they took the dynastic name Qing

Rule under the Qing Retained much of the political system of the Ming Retained much of the political system of the Ming Examination system continued, patrons of the arts, social system maintained Examination system continued, patrons of the arts, social system maintained Attempt at alleviating rural distress Attempt at alleviating rural distress Population increased Population increased Favorable balance of trade until 18 th century Favorable balance of trade until 18 th century

Rise of Internal Problems Exam system corrupt Exam system corrupt Revenue loss decrease military Revenue loss decrease military Deterioration of the dikes led to flooding Deterioration of the dikes led to flooding

The British and Opium Europeans creep in on trade but British have unfavorable balance of trade Europeans creep in on trade but British have unfavorable balance of trade Only desirable product to reverse this is opium Only desirable product to reverse this is opium Opium imports increase from ,000 chests a year from Opium imports increase from ,000 chests a year from Opium war reversed the balance and forced China to open up trading ports Opium war reversed the balance and forced China to open up trading ports Hong Kong became the center of British commerce Hong Kong became the center of British commerce

Rebellion Begins Taiping Rebellion 1850s-1860s- led by Hong Xiuquan offered alternative to Qing and Confucian civilizations by drastic reform Taiping Rebellion 1850s-1860s- led by Hong Xiuquan offered alternative to Qing and Confucian civilizations by drastic reform Attack on scholar-gentry led to bloody suppression of the rebellion- 20 million deaths! Attack on scholar-gentry led to bloody suppression of the rebellion- 20 million deaths! Self-strengthening movement- movement to westernize (some people felt it was necessary) Self-strengthening movement- movement to westernize (some people felt it was necessary) Dowager Empress Cixi further crushed serious reform effort in 1898 Dowager Empress Cixi further crushed serious reform effort in Boxer Rebellion (crushed by foreign troops) Boxer Rebellion (crushed by foreign troops)

The Fall of the Qing Rise of secret societies Rise of secret societies Revolutionaries hostile to European involvement Revolutionaries hostile to European involvement U.S. forces China to establish Open Door policy to open up trade U.S. forces China to establish Open Door policy to open up trade 1911 opposition and rebellion force out the last Manchu leader in 1912 and marked the end of Confucian values as basis for society and the era of the scholar-gentry 1911 opposition and rebellion force out the last Manchu leader in 1912 and marked the end of Confucian values as basis for society and the era of the scholar-gentry