Chapter 12 Sec. 1 World War I Breaks Out

World War I Began in 1914 and ended in 1918 Called the “Great War” because there were so many countries involved

4 MAIN Causes (Long-Term) of WWI M ilitarism- glorification of military; policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war A lliances- agreement between countries to support each other in case of war I mperialism- policy used by strong countries to gain social, political, and economic control over foreign territories N ationalism- love of one’s country; patriotism

Nationalism Strong in the Balkans Led to instability in this area because of different ethnic groups and rivalry over territory Area known as the “powder keg” of Europe

Militarism Major European powers believed that disputes should be settled on the battlefield Engaged in arms race to develop large armies and more powerful weapons Led to formation of alliances

Alliances Result of militarism Two Alliances formed BEFORE the War: 1. Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, France 2 Triple Alliance- Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary Alliances DURING the War: 1. Allied Powers- Britain, France, Russia, Italy Serbia (later joined by US) 2. Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey), Bulgaria 30 nations involved in this war

What triggered the war? June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated when he went to Bosnia Assassinated by Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia sparking allies to join in on both sides Result: World War I began

New Weapons and Fighting Tactics Trench Warfare No-man’s-land Machine guns Tanks Poison gas Submarines (U-Boats) Airplanes Dogfights Top German: Manfred von Richtofen AKA “Red Baron” Top American: Edward Rickenbacker Zeppelins (blimps)

Ch. 12 Sec. 2 The United States Goes to War

US Approach Before the War As a country: Took position of neutrality Viewed as strictly European matter Isolationists- stay out of other countries’ affairs

Citizens: Sympathized with European countries because many citizens were immigrants Most sided with Allied Powers Propaganda influenced opinions

What caused the US to enter the War? 1. Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915 German U-Boat sank British ship Lusitania which had 128 Americans on board

2. Sussex Pledge Violated Sussex Pledge- promise by Germany that they would not attack ships without warning (1916) Germany resumed full-scale U-Boat warfare in 1917 Hoped that they could defeat allies before US joined the war

3. Zimmermann Note Sent in 1917 by Arthur Zimmermann of Germany to Mexico Proposed a secret alliance against the US saying that Germany would help Mexico get the land back that they lost in the Mexican- American war if they helped Germany win the war Telegram intercepted by Great Britain

4. Russian Revolution The Communist Party (Bolsheviks) took over in Russia in 1917 US felt it was their duty to protect democracy Russia backed out of the war

Preparing for War 1916 Wilson passed the National Defense Act Increased the size of the army from 90,000 to 175,000 Still did not enter the war, just preparing Due to the German violation of Sussex Pledge and the Zimmermann Note the US could not avoid war Congress declared war on April 4, 1917

Mobilizing the Troops Selective Service Act passed May 17, 1914 Required men ages to register for draft Later changed to More than ½ of soldiers who served in the war were drafted

The US Entry into WWI Germany attacks several passenger ships (Sussex, Lusitania) March 1916 Pres. Wilson threatens to cut diplomatic ties; Germany makes the Sussex Pledge Germany resumes full scale U-boat warfare US begins to prepare for war; arming ships; cut diplomatic ties February 1917 Zimmermann Note discovered and published in American newspapers Note proves German hostility towards Americans and the war The Senate declares war US joins the war on the side of the Allies March 1917 April 1917 EVENT SIGNIFICANCE

Ch. 12 Sec. 3 The War at Home

Mobilizing the Nation Raising Money War cost $35 billion for US Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds sold Increased taxes

Conserving Resources Food Administration and Fuel Administration created 2 Goals  Encourage increased agricultural production  Conserve existing food supplies Victory gardens Limit wheat and meat intake Encouraged to ration food

War Industries Board (WIB) Created to allocate scarce materials, establish production priorities, and set prices

Mobilizing Workers National War Labor Board (NWLB) created in 1918 Settled disputes between workers and employers Labor shortage strengthened unions Women entered workforce to do “men’s jobs” Role in WWI led to the passage of the 19 th Amendment in 1920 (women’s suffrage)

Great Migration Higher wages and more job opportunities caused Great Migration Thousands of African Americans moved North to escape discrimination and take advantage of job opportunities Allowed for a better standard of living Discrimination still existed

Great Migration -states in blue represent largest population gain; states in red represent largest population loss

Propaganda and Government Control Committee on Public Information (CPI) created in 1917 Created propaganda to encourage Americans to support war Resulted in discrimination towards German- Americans

Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) Outlawed acts of treason Made it illegal to speak, write, or print anything disloyal about the government, flag, or military