Table 5.1 Changes in Educational Thought in Europe Criticized authoritarian educational practices that stifled students’ playfulness and natural curiosity and recommended that teachers use concrete experiences to help students learn. Johann Pestalozzi ( ) Swiss philosopher Viewed children as innately good and argued that teachers should provide children with opportunities for exploration and experimentation. Jean Jacques Rousseau ( ) French philosopher Emphasized the importance of first-hand experiences in helping children learn about the world. John Locke ( ) English philosopher Questioned the effectiveness of memorization and recitation, emphasizing instead the need to base teaching on children’s interests and needs. John Amos Comenius ( ) Czech philosopher Educational ViewsThinker ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 2 nd Edition Kauchak and Eggen

Table 5.2 A Summary of Historical Periods in American Education Inequities in funding among school districts. Teacher quality and alternative routes to teacher certification. Access to tax-supported education for all established. Grade levels introduced in elementary schools. Normal schools created for the preparation of teachers. The Common School Movement The role of the federal government in education. National testing of all students. A national curriculum. The principle of separation of church and state established. Control of education removed from the federal government and given to the states. Education viewed as crucial for furthering the national interest. The Early National Period Whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools. Tax support for religious schools. The relationship between religion and character education. Education reserved for wealthy males. Seeds planted for public support of education. Religion at the core of education. The Colonial Period Issues That Remain TodaySignificant FeaturesPeriod ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 2 nd Edition Kauchak and Eggen

Figure 5.1 The Evolution of the American High School Created standards and methods for high school Focused on needs of boys not attending college Eliminated religion, focused on practical needs: math, science, navigation Prepared men for ministry and law 1892 Committee of Ten 1821 English Classical School 1751 Franklin’s Academy 1635 Latin Grammar School 1913 Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education Created Cardinal Principles of Education, including applied goals in health, civic education, and others ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 2 nd Edition Kauchak and Eggen

Table 5.3 Major Provisions of the Goals 2000 Act By the year 2000: -All children in America will start school ready to learn. -The high school graduation rate will increase to 90 percent. -Students will master challenging subject matter in all disciplines. -The nation’s teaching force will have access to high-quality professional development. -American students will be first in the world in math and science. -All adult Americans will possess the skills to compete in a global economy. -Schools will be safe places to learn. -Parental participation will increase. ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 2 nd Edition Kauchak and Eggen