0. THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION
Chapter 5R
Teachers, Schools, and Society
A Brief Introduction to Education
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
David Miller Sadker
Karen R. Zittleman

1. Evolution of American Education Elementary Schools
Dame Schools – 1600’s (private child care-schooling)
Local Schools – 1600’s – 1800’s (New England – religion and basic skills)
Itinerant 1700’s Schools and Tutors 1600’s-1900’s – (rural traveling teachers and also for wealthy)
Private Schools – 1700’s -1800’s –middle colonies, varied according to ability to pay
Common Schools – 1830 – Present – free, open to all social classes, democracy to the classroom, Horace Mann’s vision, later kindergarten, pre- K and Head Start

2. Evolution of American Education Secondary Schools
Latin Grammar Schools – 1600s-1700s for wealthy, study Latin, Greek and Roman - tuition
English Grammar Schools – 1700s – preparation for business careers, practical studies, some females, prep for society, tuition
Academies – 1700s – 1800’s – taught English, some prep for college as well as business, tuition
High Schools – 1800s-present – open to all social classes, prep for college and business, public funding
Junior High 1909-present, Middle Schools 1950s-present designed to meet needs of pre-adolescents, prep for HS

3. Initiatives for Change
Kalamazoo Michigan case 1874 tax support of high schools set precedent
NEA Committee of Ten 1892 establishes the “Carnegie Unit” and national policy for high school gifted students prep for college
NEA Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education 1918 set policy for all high school students. Beginnings of national broad based research informing educational decisions affecting all high school students
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform President Reagan, begins strong federal policy direction of national education, elementary & secondary

4. Contributors to American Educational Reform
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – democracy, child development
Emma Hart Willard - higher education for women, teacher prep
Friedrich Froebel – formed 1st “child’s garden” in 1837
Prudence Crandall – abolitionist advertised in Liberator
Maria Montessori – early childhood teaching, individual
Mary McLeod Bethune – education of blacks thru college
Sylvia Ashton-Warner – “key vocabulary system” for teaching reading, individualized
Kenneth Clark – “white and black doll study” cited in Brown vs. Board 1954 as proof that separate is unequal
Paulo Reglus Neves Freire – “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” challenges status quo governments in Brazil and U.S.

5. End EDUC 110 Dr. Jackson