1. Foundations of American Education: Perspectives on Education in a Changing World, 15e © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives of Education

2. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2 Changes in Schools since WW II Changes in Schools since WW II Almost doubling enrollment Almost doubling enrollment Need for more schools and classroom space Need for more schools and classroom space Increased demand for teachers, lower requirements Increased demand for teachers, lower requirements Consolidation of school districts Consolidation of school districts Increased busing Increased busing Higher expenditures, bigger budgets Higher expenditures, bigger budgets Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 3-2

3. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3 Curricular shifts Progressive Education Report (1942) Progressive Education Report (1942) Multiple publications, Aims of education Multiple publications, Aims of education Sputnik, NDEA and widespread curricular changes Sputnik, NDEA and widespread curricular changes Curriculum today broader and more inclusive Curriculum today broader and more inclusive 3-3 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

4. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4 Growth of Special Education Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975) Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975) States and colleges developed special ed. programs States and colleges developed special ed. programs 3-4 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

5. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5 Federal Gov’t Involvement Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940s Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940s Vocational Education for National Defense Act Vocational Education for National Defense Act Lantham Act and community facilities Lantham Act and community facilities G.I. Bill and education for Veterans G.I. Bill and education for Veterans National Science Foundation, NDEA, and other initiatives National Science Foundation, NDEA, and other initiatives Increased federal funding meant increased control Increased federal funding meant increased control 3-5 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

6. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6 Professionalizing Teaching Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon Late 1800s - early1900s, Teacher-training formalized Late 1800s - early1900s, Teacher-training formalized States had certification requirements by mid-20 th century States had certification requirements by mid-20 th century All facets of education have become professionalized All facets of education have become professionalized 3-6 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

7. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7 Recent trends in schooling Roman Catholic enrollment decline Roman Catholic enrollment decline Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic private schools Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic private schools Home schooling on the rise Home schooling on the rise Proliferation of adult education options Proliferation of adult education options 3-7 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

8. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8 Evolution of Testing James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success Creation of the Education Testing Service (ETS) Creation of the Education Testing Service (ETS) Pressure to improve assessments Pressure to improve assessments Most states today require standardize test Most states today require standardize test 3-8 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

9. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9 Views on aims of education Views on aims of education Education to save souls during colonial period Education to save souls during colonial period Committee of Ten recommendations (1892) Committee of Ten recommendations (1892) Seven Cardinal Principles for secondary education Seven Cardinal Principles for secondary education Progressive Education Association Eight-year study Progressive Education Association Eight-year study NEA, Purposes of Education in American Democracy NEA, Purposes of Education in American Democracy NEA, Education for All American Youth NEA, Education for All American Youth Education Policies Commission releases aims (1952) Education Policies Commission releases aims (1952) 3-9 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

10. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-10 Preparing teachers to teach Colonial teachers had little to no training Colonial teachers had little to no training Apprenticeship model, first form of teacher training Apprenticeship model, first form of teacher training Indentured servants often used as teachers Indentured servants often used as teachers Benjamin Franklin, Academy and teacher training. Benjamin Franklin, Academy and teacher training. Normal school, first teacher-training institute (1823) Normal school, first teacher-training institute (1823) Establishment of state teachers’ colleges Establishment of state teachers’ colleges University teacher programs around 1900 University teacher programs around 1900 3-10 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

11. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-11 Other recent trends U.S. educational system highly scrutinized U.S. educational system highly scrutinized Widespread efforts to improve education since late 1940s Widespread efforts to improve education since late 1940s New models for organizing education developed New models for organizing education developed Analysis of teaching movement Analysis of teaching movement 3-11 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

12. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-12 Effective Teaching Strong leaders who direct classroom activities Strong leaders who direct classroom activities Maximize instructional time Maximize instructional time Deliver lessons in clear, business-like fashion Deliver lessons in clear, business-like fashion Use structured, well-organized lessons Use structured, well-organized lessons Break topics into smaller components Break topics into smaller components 3-12 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

13. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-13 Effective Teaching (continued) Focus on one point at a time Focus on one point at a time Pre-assess and check for prerequisite skills Pre-assess and check for prerequisite skills Use probing questions, offer detailed explanations Use probing questions, offer detailed explanations Provide corrective feedback Provide corrective feedback Use prompts and cues to support student learning Use prompts and cues to support student learning 3-13 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

14. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-14 Study of the Learning Process Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory Robert Havighurst, mastery of developmental tasks Robert Havighurst, mastery of developmental tasks Piaget, developmental theory Piaget, developmental theory Jerome Bruner, theory of cognitive growth Jerome Bruner, theory of cognitive growth Benjamin Bloom, factors that influence learning Benjamin Bloom, factors that influence learning B. F. Skinner, behavioral theory of learning. B. F. Skinner, behavioral theory of learning. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 3-14

15. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson/Gollnick/Musial/Hall © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-15 Contemporary Perspectives Plethora of critics on low U.S. educational standards Plethora of critics on low U.S. educational standards Significant shift in perspectives on education Significant shift in perspectives on education Varying views on significance of educational events Varying views on significance of educational events Educational questions should be viewed through historical lens. Educational questions should be viewed through historical lens. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al 3-15