1. History of Public Education

2. Colonial Period 1 (1607-1775) Education was reserved for wealthy White male landowners usually. Religion often had some role in education. This differed by region of the country.

3. Colonial Period 2 Remaining issues Should prayer be allowed in schools? Can taxes support religious schools? Can religion be the driver for character education?

4. The Quest for Democracy If America was going to be a democracy, its population needed to be educated.

5. Early National Period 1 (1775-1820 The Colonies become the United States.) Establishment of the principle of the separation of church and state. Education becomes a state responsibility. (10th Amendment- assignment clause) The Federal government saw education as crucial to improving quality of life and helping the nation grow.

6. Early National Period 1 Remaining Issues The role of the federal government in education. National testing of students A national curriculum

7. Common School Movement 1 (1820-1865) Eligibility for attendance was expanded. (Opportunity for universal access) Citizens were taxed to support public schools. State departments of education were created and state superintendents of instruction were appointed.

8. Common School Movement 2 (1820-1865) Education became the vehicle for assimilating immigrants. Schools were organized by grade level and curriculum was standardized. Teacher preparation was improved. (normal schools)

9. Common School Movement 3 Remaining issues Inequities in funding across districts Teacher quality and alternative routes to certification

10. Introduction of High Schools Late 19th century. Began as an elitist preparatory institution 1892 the NEA established the Committee of Ten to establish the model. 1918 the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education recommended the comprehensive high school.

11. Quest for Equality 1 Native American Education –1700 and 1800s mission schools –1890 to 1930 BIA boarding schools –1960s limited federal funding for tribal schools –Current: Federal funding goes to districts African American –-1850s few African Americans attended schools. –Attendance increased dramatically after the Civil War. –Washington-DuBois Debate –Brown v. Board of Education

12. Quest for Equality 2 Asian American Education –Welcomed to U.S. in early 1800’s. –1882 Chinese Immigration Act excluded Asian Americans – 1974 Lau v. Nichols Hispanic American –Began with Catholic mission schools –Post the Mexican American War it shifted to public schools. –Though not mandated, segregation occurred. –1968 Bilingual Education Act

13. Quest for Equality 3 –1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act –1964 Economic Opportunity Act (Headstart) –1979 Creation of the Department of Education –1975 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act –Goals 2000 –1994 Improving America’s Schools Act –2001 No Child Left Behind