1. Historical Perspectives of Education
Chapter 3
Historical Perspectives of Education

2. Changes in Schools since WW II
Almost doubling enrollment
Need for more schools and classroom space
Increased demand for teachers, lower requirements
Consolidation of school districts
Increased busing
Higher expenditures, bigger budgets
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

3. Curricular shifts Progressive Education Report (1942)
Multiple publications, Aims of education
Sputnik, NDEA and widespread curricular changes
Curriculum today broader and more inclusive
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

4. Growth of Special Education
Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs
Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975)
States and colleges developed special ed. programs
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

5. Federal Gov’t Involvement
Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940s
Vocational Education for National Defense Act
Lanham Act and community facilities
G.I. Bill and education for Veterans
National Science Foundation, NDEA, and other initiatives
Increased federal funding meant increased control
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

6. Professionalizing Teaching
Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon
Late 1800s - early1900s, Teacher-training formalized
States had certification requirements by mid-20th century
All facets of education have become professionalized
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

7. Recent trends in schooling
Roman Catholic enrollment decline
Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic private schools
Home schooling on the rise
Proliferation of adult education options
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

8. Evolution of Testing James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success
Creation of the Education Testing Service (ETS)
Pressure to improve assessments
Most states today require standardize test
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

9. Views on aims of education
Education to save souls during colonial period
Committee of Ten recommendations (1892)
Seven Cardinal Principles for secondary education
Progressive Education Association Eight-year study
NEA, Purposes of Education in American Democracy
NEA, Education for All American Youth
Education Policies Commission releases aims (1952)
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

10. Preparing teachers to teach
Colonial teachers had little to no training
Apprenticeship model, first form of teacher training
Indentured servants often used as teachers
Benjamin Franklin, Academy and teacher training.
Normal school, first teacher-training institute (1823)
Establishment of state teachers’ colleges
University teacher programs around 1900
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

11. Other recent trends U.S. educational system highly scrutinized
Widespread efforts to improve education since late 1940s
New models for organizing education developed
Analysis of teaching movement
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

12. Effective Teaching Strong leaders who direct classroom activities
Maximize instructional time
Deliver lessons in clear, business-like fashion
Use structured, well-organized lessons
Break topics into smaller components
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

13. Effective Teaching (continued)
Focus on one point at a time
Pre-assess and check for prerequisite skills
Use probing questions, offer detailed explanations
Provide corrective feedback
Use prompts and cues to support student learning
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

14. Study of the Learning Process
Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory
Robert Havighurst, mastery of developmental tasks
Piaget, developmental theory
Jerome Bruner, theory of cognitive growth
Benjamin Bloom, factors that influence learning
B. F. Skinner, behavioral theory of learning.
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

15. Contemporary Perspectives
Plethora of critics on low U.S. educational standards
Significant shift in perspectives on education
Varying views on significance of educational events
Educational questions should be viewed through historical lens.
Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al