Industrial Revolution Part II New Changes

Textile Industry Britain Clothed the World –Made wool, linen, and cotton cloth –Cloth merchants increased profit by speeding up the weaving process –Many inventions were too big to be kept in home  moved to factories –Factories needed water power  built by rivers and streams

Textile Innovations Flying Shuttle  John Kay 1733 Doubled the amount of work that could be done in one day Spinning Jenny  threads at one time Water Frame  1769 Water powered spinning wheels Spinning Mule  1779 Power Loom  1787 Cotton Gin  Eli Whitney 1795

New Power Steam drove industry in England after 1820Steam drove industry in England after 1820 Steam Engine was cheap and convenient but it needed efficiency – who fixed it?Steam Engine was cheap and convenient but it needed efficiency – who fixed it? –Steam powered machinery Entrepreneurship: person who organizes, manages, and takes on risk of a businessEntrepreneurship: person who organizes, manages, and takes on risk of a business

Water Transportation Steam BoatSteam Boat Transports people  ferryboats in New York  Robert FultonTransports people  ferryboats in New York  Robert Fulton Leads to the creation of canals  human made waterways  Erie CanalLeads to the creation of canals  human made waterways  Erie Canal

Road Transportation Improvements were made to roadways Old way: Potholes so big people would fall in and drown New way: Stone roads  no more mud or wagons getting stuck Private Investors: built roads and operate them for profit…toll roads

Railroad Railway Age Begins: Steam driven trainsRailway Age Begins: Steam driven trains EffectsEffects –Spread industrial growth: cheap transportation of materials and finished goods –Created 100’s of 1000’s of jobs: RR workers, miners (iron- tracks, coal- engines) –Boosted agriculture / fishing industries: can be transported to distant cities –Shifted population from the country to the city

City Growth Doubled in sizeDoubled in size Urbanization: city building and movement of people to citiesUrbanization: city building and movement of people to cities Cities created clusters of peopleCities created clusters of people London 1 million in 1800London 1 million in 1800 Cities with more than 100,000 went from 22-47% urban between Cities with more than 100,000 went from 22-47% urban between

Living Conditions in Cities No plans, no sanitary codes, no building codesNo plans, no sanitary codes, no building codes No adequate housing, education, police protection, unpaved streetsNo adequate housing, education, police protection, unpaved streets No drains, garbage everywhere, crowded bedroomsNo drains, garbage everywhere, crowded bedrooms Wide spread sickness – cholera epidemicsWide spread sickness – cholera epidemics Average lifespan – 47yrs for a working class personAverage lifespan – 47yrs for a working class person

Class Tensions Arise Rise of the middle-class –Social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers –Changes in social structure Some were becoming wealthier than the landowners and aristocrats –Upper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers –Lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers, tool makers, mechanical drafters –Poor: little improvement to their standard of living »Frustration: machines are taking their jobs

Working Conditions Average work day 14 hours 6 days per week No government regulations to provide aid or help

Positive Effects Jobs for workers Better housing Cheaper clothing Wealth of the nation Raised standard of living Technology, progress, and invention Education opportunities Increased good production Healthier diets

Case Study: Manchester An example of an Industrialized City Northern England Had access to power and water  had an outlet to the sea Filthy sewers Poor working class Standard of living rose due to the prosperity of the factory High profits due to child labor Major pollution: coal blackened the sky & air, dyes for cloth poisoned the air

Child Labor 6 years old 6 days a week 6 am – 8 pm 30 minute lunch 1 hour dinner Used them for small hands to fix machinery  hands chopped off If they fell asleep they were beaten Factory Act 1892: child labor law –Set hours and wages children

Labor Unions Role: speak for all workers Collective Bargaining: negotiations between workers and employers –Bargain for wages and working conditions –Strike: when union members refuse to work when their needs aren’t met

Skilled workers Have major bargaining power because their skills were specialized Management would have trouble replacing workers Carpenters, printers, spinners

Unionization Started slow in Britain and US American Federation of Labor –US 1886 Unions joined together Britain outlawed unions –Threat to social order and stability –People joined them anyway Eventually government tolerated them

Reform Laws Factor Act of 1833: restrictions on child hrs and wages  no one under 9 yrs old Mines Act: no women and children can work underground Ten Hours Act: limited hours for women and children National Child Labor Committee 1904: US  ended child labor Abolishment of Slavery: 1833 Great Britain & 1965 Women’s Rights Children’s Education Rights –Freed schools in W. Europe in late 1800s