1. Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Revolution Begins Wealthy landowners bought up farmland and then enclosed their land with fences. – Could cultivate larger fields and try new agricultural methods. – Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to move to the cities. Increased population – Boosted the demand for cloth. – Many people become factory workers. Why in Britain? – Political stability – Factors of production: Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

3. Inventions The flying shuttle doubled the work a weaver could do in a day. The spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time. The water frame used waterpower from streams to drive spinning wheels. The spinning mule made thread that was stronger and finer. Wealthy textile merchants set up these machines in factories near streams. Eli Whitney – The cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned – Interchangeable parts made it easier to build and repair machines.

4. Improvements in Transportation James Watt created the steam engine. “Father of the Industrial Revolution” Robert Fulton used the steam engine to build a steam boat. – Canals lowered the cost and sped up transportation time for delivering goods. John McAdam made roads more efficient. – Turnpikes

5. Railroads Railroads and steam engines were created. – George Stephenson’s locomotive could go 24 mph Major Effects: – Spurred industrial growth Gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport goods. – Created thousands of new jobs. Needed railroad workers and miner. – Boosted agricultural and fishing industries. Could transport their products to distant cities without goods spoiling. – Made travel easier Encouraged country people to take distant city jobs or travel to the country.

6. Industrialization Begins in the U.S. Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionized the American textile industry. – Employed thousands of young single women from the country. Made higher wages – Had to follow strict behavior guidelines – Worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. U.S. began to build more railroads which led to increased trade. Corporations sold stock to invest in their businesses. – Formation of monopolies. – Poor working conditions.

7. Continental Europe Industrializes Belgium – Had rich deposits of iron and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation. – William Cockerill illegally made his way to Belgium. Produced steam engines and locomotives. Germany – Built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities with industrial cities. Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant. Many European countries didn’t industrialize. – Geography held many back.

8. Impact of Industrialization Imperialism – Industrialized countries required a steady supply of raw materials from less developed lands and viewed poor countries as market for their manufactured products. Industrialized countries extended their rule over less developed lands. Transformation of Society – Because of hardships on early urban workers, reform movements started.

9. Industrialization Spreads In order to keep the secrets of industrialization Britain forbid engineers, mechanics and toolmakers from leaving the country. – However, British immigrants eventually made their way to Europe and America.

10. Urbanization The increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. This movement is called urbanization. This movement caused some cities to double or even quadruple in size. London quickly became Europe’s largest city, doubling the size of Paris.

11. New social classes were created by the Industrial Revolution. – The middle class owned the new factories and mines. – The working class worked in the factories and mines They lived and worked in deplorable conditions.

12. Industrial Revolution cities No development plans, building or sanitary codes Lacked adequate education, housing and police No street drainage, thus human waste and garbage collected These unsanitary conditions led to the spread of diseases. – Cholera Average life span of city workers was 17! Workers reacted to these conditions through riots and religion.

13. Working Conditions Workers moved to the city to work in huge buildings called factories. Long Hours: 12-14 hr. days Dangerous machines Poorly lit No job security Filthy; polluted air No breaks Low wages Beatings Extreme heat

14. The coal mines were even worse than factories. Black lung disease Extreme heat Explosions Flooding Collapsing tunnels Employed many women and children Average life span was 10 yrs. shorter than other workers.

15. Working class families also sent their children to work, many as young as 5 or 6 years old! “Factory Acts” were eventually passed to protect children. Eventually, other laws were passed to shorten the workday for women and require children to be educated.

16. Results of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution can be said to be both a blessing and a curse… Negatives Outcomes Early Industrial Revolution was characterized by low pay and horrible living/working conditions Pollution

17. Positive Outcomes Reforms were eventually passed to improve conditions Better wages, hours, and conditions More jobs Increased income Advanced modes of transportation More goods, cheaper Increased standard of living Better educational opportunities