1. Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization Case Study: Manchester
Objective: Analyze the impact of industrialization on society
Vocabulary: Urbanization & Middle Class
New: Imagine 100,000 people move to Los Angeles tomorrow, what are some positive or negative effects it would have on people’s lives? Why?
Review: What was the Industrial Revolution?
List the factors of production

2. Setting the Stage
Industrialization eventually led to a better quality of life for most people
Rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused unhealthy working conditions, air/water pollution, & the ills of child labor
It also led to class tensions, especially between the working class & the middle class
People did live longer lives due to better quality of life but these conditions were brutal

3. Industrialization Changes Life
By the 1800s, people could earn higher wages in factories rather than on farms
People wore better clothing, woven on power looms in England’s industrial cities & ate more food
Cities swelled with waves of job seekers
Why were they able to eat more food?
All of the following were reasons people were able to eat more food EXCEPT
-Selective Breeding
-Crop Rotation
-Spinning Jenny

4. Check for Understanding
All of the following were reasons the people could eat more, EXCEPT which one?
Selective Breeding
Crop Rotation
Spinning Jenny
Sentence Starter: _________ was not a reason that people were able to eat more during the Industrial Revolution.

5. Industrial Cities Rise
The number of European cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47
Urbanization: the growth of cities & the migration of people into them
Factories developed in clusters because they were built near sources of energy
London had a population of about one million & was Europe’s largest city
Needed water & coal
Manchester grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 in 1850

6. Living Conditions
England had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes
England lacked adequate housing, education, & police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs
Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding in one bedroom
Average life span was 17 for the working-class citizens living in the city
Unpaved streets with no drains, garbage collected in heaps
Sickness was widespread
Average life in the rural area was 38 years old

7. Working Conditions
Factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible
The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week
Factories were seldom lit or clean; Machines injured workers
There was no government program to provide aid in case of injury
Women & children were employed in different industries because they were the cheapest source of labor
Work remained the same day after day, week after week, year after year
Why would you want government aid in case of an injury?

8. Class Tensions Grow
The Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation
Most of this wealth belonged to factory owners, shippers, & merchants
Middle Class: social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, & wealthy farmers
Many of the wealth were also these types of people who organize & manage businesses

9. The Middle Class
The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain
The upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, lawyers, & managers
The lower middle class included factory overseers & skilled workers
What do you notice about the difference between upper & middle class workers?
They enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

10. Check for Understanding
What do you notice about the difference in the type of workers in the Upper & Lower Middle Class?
Sentence Starter: Some differences between Upper & Lower Middle Class are __________.

11. The Working Class
The working class, saw little improvement in their living & working conditions
Some people tried to destroy the machines they felt were putting them out of work
The Luddites attacked whole factories by destroying laborsaving machinery
Mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living & working conditions
A machine could do the jobs of the lower working class, putting them out of work
Self-check out

12. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution created jobs & contributed to the wealth of the nation
There was more technological progress & inventions
It also produced healthier diets, better housing, & cheaper clothing
For the working class, it took longer, but their lives gradually improved
The eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, & better working conditions

13. Long-Term Effects Living & working conditions vastly improved
Profits derived from industrialization produced tax revenues
Profits from industrialization allowed local, state, & federal governments to invest in urban improvements & raised the standard of living

14. The Mills of Manchester
Manchester’s rapid, unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for the poor who lived & worked there
However, wealth flowed from its factories & eventually the working class saw their standard of living improve
Children were beaten to stay awake & used on the most dangerous machine due to their tiny hands
Factory Act of 1819, finally put restrictions on working age & hours
Do you think its important to put a restriction on working age & hours? Why?
Children as young as 6 would join their parents at work