This first chapter is filled with many new words and definitions which you will need to learn to move forward in this class. You need to know everything in this chapter! Be sure to visit the lesson page at: There are also decks of flashcards at: Surface Anatomy: Body Cavities: Orientation

Objectives for Chapter 1 Understand levels of organization: molecular/chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal Learn the names, location and function of the 11 organ systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, urinary, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive and respiratory Learn the following terms: anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, medial/lateral, superior/rostral or cephalic,inferior/caudal, distal/proximal superficial/deep, visceral/parietal Explain the meaning of homeostasis: the continual process of adjusting physiologic processes to maintain a livable environment for the cells. Learn what is meant by “the internal environment”: all of the parameters such at temperature, mineral content, organic compound content, pH, etc of the extracellular fluid Why is it necessary to have metabolic processes?: metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring continuously(anabolism-building, catabolism-breaking down) within cells which define it as being alive. ie: movement, division, utilizing energy etc. Understand the planes and sections: sagittal, midsagittal, median, frontal/coronal, transverse/horizontal Know the anatomical terms for the common regions of the body Identify the body cavities and which organs/organ systems are contained within each Know the imaging techniques used in anatomical and clinical studies Know the levels of studying anatomy: gross, surface anatomy, microscopic anatomy Be able to define the borders and content of the mediastinum: laterally-R and L lungs, superiorly – thoracic inlet, inferiorly – diaphragm, anteriorly – sternum, posteriorly – spinal column. Contents: inferiorly, heart. Superiorly – esophagus, trachea, great vessels of the heart, autonomic nerves and lymphatic vessels.

Definitions Anatomy – the study of the structures of an organism Gross anatomy – structures which may be seen by an unaided eye Developmental Anatomy – study of the anatomy of the developing organism Embryology – fertilization to third month of a fetus Histology – the study of tissues microscopically Cytology – the study of a cell(s) Systemic Anatomy – studying anatomy by systems Regional anatomy – the study of anatomy by area (this is how it’s studies in medical school) Pathology – the study of changes in structure or function due to disease

Physiology – the study of the function of an organism Structure determines function Function determines structure You can’t have one without the other to have a living organism

Know all of these terms!

Know all of these terms.

median horizontal coronal The plane is different from the “section” of that plane. “section” is one specific “slice” made by a plane (as in the pictures) to look at specific structures

Know all of these and the organs contained in each Liver, gall bladder, stomach, intestines, spleen, kidneys and pancreas

The body has several linings called serosa or serous linings. These have two layers: the parietal layer is the superficial layer which lies over the visceral layer which is continuous with the surface of the organ which it surrounds. Between the layers is a serous fluid for friction reduction. It does NOT line the internal surface of hollow organs!

Other Cavities Oral – mouth Nasal (nose) Orbital (eyes) Middle ear ( hearing apparatus) Synovial cavities in freely moveable joints

Learn the 4 quadrant system and which organs lie in each

Abdominal Regions Figure 1.12a, b Learn the “regions”: they are more detailed than quadrants Mid-clavicular

Know all of these!

Histology

Imaging to view internal anatomy X-ray – to view bones, tumors and gas CT – bone, blood vessels and soft tissue. Useful in trauma. Angiography – view of blood vessels with use of contrast dye PET – positron emission tomography: tracks radioisotopes to visualize areas of high metabolic activity such as tumors and cancers Sonography – use of sonar to image fetuses or organs MRI – Magnetic resonance imaging. Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves producing high-contrast images. Useful to visualize structures surrounded by bone such as nerves and joints.

This is a horizontal section!

This is an angiogram

This is a sonogram which shows fluid filled cavities well like this and cysts

MRI is used to show soft tissues very clearly

Homework Name the 12 systems and their functions and include their contribution to homeostasis. Name the directional terms and definitions Begin with the sole of the foot (plantar surface) and move superiorward naming any structure that you know. ie: the ankle is proximal to the plantar surface, the patella (knee cap) is proximal to the ankle etc. When you get to the inguinal ligament (either side of the perineum), name external structures from the perineum to the top of the head using the template x is superior to y.

Homework Name the major cavities and all of the minor cavities which lie within the major cavities. What are serous membranes? Name the serous membranes and their contents Using an outline supplied on the website, draw in all of the surface landmarks in the slides above Name the quadrants and the contents of each

Homework Name the 9 regions and the contents of each Name the planes (both names) and their purposes Name other disciplines of anatomy