1. ORIENTATION The Language of Anatomy

12. Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts Gross / Macroscopic Regional: Systemic: Microscopic Cytology- anatomy of cells Histology- anatomy of tissues

13. Physiology- study of the function of the structural parts Operations of organ systems and between cells: involves chemistry and physics chemical concentrations, electrical currents, pressures, movements

14. The Principle of Complimentarity Function always reflects structure- “Form follows Function”

15. Structural Organization- levels Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

17. Functions of Life Maintain Boundries Movement Response to Stimuli Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

18. To Maintain Life: Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure

19. Homeostasis The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition as external conditions change

20. Homeostasis is controlled primarily by the Endocrine and Nervous systems Stimuli --> Receptor --> Afferent Pathway --> Control Center -->Efferent Pathway --> Effector

21. Feedback Control Negative Feedback effector turns stimuli off Positive Feedback effector makes stimuli stronger

23. Anatomical Position Body erect, limbs extended palms facing forward feet together

24. Surfaces of Body Front = anterior or ventral surface Back = posterior or dorsal surface Side = lateral surface

25. Planes (Cuts / Sections) Sagittal Mid Sagittal - plane divides body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal- plane parallel to mid- sagittal plane (unequal halves)

27. Transverse / Horizontal Divides body into upper and lower parts, superior and inferior same as horizontal

29. Frontal (Coronal) Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

31. POSITION Lateral = toward side Medial = toward mid-line Superior = above (towards head) Inferior = below (towards tail)

33. Proximal = near beginning of limb Distal = near end of limb Superficial = near surface Deep = deep to surface

34. Cavities Lined by membranes: Membrane against cavity wall = parietal Membrane against organ = visceral

35. Dorsal Cavity Cranial Spinal (vertebral)

36. Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity: Pericardial Pleural Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal Pelvic

38. Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants (4) Upper Right Upper Left Lower Right Lower Left

40. Regions

42. Radiography X-Rays- short electromagnetic waves Dense structures absorb x-rays = light Fat, Hollow, areas absorb less = dark

44. Radiography CT- computerized tomography forms a dime thin transverse section eliminates images of overlapping structures

46. Radiography DSR- dynamic spatial reconstruction 3-D image shows organ movement and volume DSA- used to ID blockages also called angiography

47. Radiography PET- Positron Emission Topography tagged molecules are absorbed by the most active brain cells gives a live action picture of brain activity used for stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s

49. Sonography Ultrasound- uses sound waves, echo little value at examining air filled structures safe, cheap

52. Magnetic Resonance Images Subjects the body to magnetic fields up to 60,000X stronger than the earth’s magnetic field (can be dangerous) Makes H2 molecules spin enhancing their energy translates into a high contrast image of soft tissue

53. MRI Good for soft tissue (the most H2O) can see difference between fatty white matter and gray matter can see nerves in spinal cord dense skull does not appear detects tumors and degenerative disease