1. The Human Body: An Orientation
Dr. Hassan Shaibah
Ext.4011

2. An Overview of Anatomy
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology – the study of body function

3. An Overview of Anatomy
Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin
Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy (histology)

4. An Overview of Anatomy Other branches of anatomy Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Pathological anatomy (pathology)
Radiographic anatomy
Functional morphology

5. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Chemical Level – atoms form molecules
Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function

6. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose
Organismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison

7. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1

8. The Body Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

9. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position

10. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Figure 1.3

11. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
Directional terms
Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs

12. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Superior - Anterior

13. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Posterior – Intermediate

14. Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1; Proximal – Deep

15. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4a

16. Regional Terms
Figure 1.4b

17. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane
Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

18. Body Planes and Sections
Transverse plane
Runs horizontally – divides body into superior and inferior parts
Figure 1.5

19. Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates
Figure 1.7c

20. Organization of the Human Body
Axial, appendicular portions of body
Body cavities
Dorsal cavity
Cranial, vertebral canal
Ventral cavity
Thoracic
Abdomenopelvic
Separated by diaphragm

21. Body Cavities

22. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.8a

23. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.8b

24. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa – covers visceral organs

25. Serous Membranes Line thoracic and abdomenopelvic cavities
Line body wall and fold back over organs
Secrete water, salts; slippery
Parietal, visceral layers
Thoracic membranes
Pleural membranes with space, fluid between layers
Pericardial membranes with space, fluid between
Abdominal membranes
Peritoneal membranes with space (peritoneal cavity between layers)

26. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9a, b

27. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9c

28. Body Cavities and Membranes
Figure 1.9d

29. Body Cavities and Membranes
Other cavities
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

30. Other Body Cavities
Figure 1.10

31. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions – divides abdomen into nine regions
Abdominal quadrants – divides abdomen into four quadrants

32. Abdominal Regions
Figure 1.11a, b

33. Abdominal Quadrants
Figure 1.12

34. Microscopic Anatomy
Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope
Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)
Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

35. Microscopic Anatomy Preparing human tissue for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned
Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

36. Microscopic Anatomy Scanning electron microscopy Artifacts
Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents
Artifacts
Minor distortions of preserved tissues
Not exactly like living tissues and organs

37. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures

38. Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques
Variations of X ray
Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen
Allows viewing of internal organs as they move
Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements

39. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference
Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section

40. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries
DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain

41. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

42. Advanced X-Ray Techniques
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high- quality images of soft tissues
Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content