Chapter 7 Memory

Which Ones are the Dwarfs? Grouchy GabbyFearfulSleepy SmileyJumpyHopefulShy DroopyDopeySniffyWishfulPuffy DumpySneezyLazyPop GrumpyBashfulCheerfulTeach ShortyNiftyHappyDoc WheezyStubby

Memory  Recalling prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past

Three Kinds of Memory  1) Episodic Memory – Memory of a specific event event Flashbulb Memories – Memories so Flashbulb Memories – Memories so important its as if we have taken a important its as if we have taken a picture of it (9/11) picture of it (9/11)  2) Semantic Memory – General knowledge that we remember (George we remember (George Washington was 1 st president) Washington was 1 st president) *All of the above are explicit memories * (Things clearly stated or explained – specific info.) (Things clearly stated or explained – specific info.)

3) Implicit Memory  Skills and procedures we have learned Ex – Swimming or Riding a Bike Ex – Swimming or Riding a Bike

Three Processes of Memory (1)  1) Encoding – Translation of Information into a form in which it can be stored Encoding Visual Codes – If you try to see Visual Codes – If you try to see information as a picture information as a picture Acoustic Codes – If you try to remember Acoustic Codes – If you try to remember as a sequence of as a sequence of sounds sounds Semantic Codes – Attempting to make sense or Semantic Codes – Attempting to make sense or give meaning to information give meaning to information

Three Processes of Memory (2)  2 ) Storage – Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time information over a period of time Maintenance Rehearsal – Repeating Maintenance Rehearsal – Repeating information over and over again to keep information over and over again to keep from forgetting it from forgetting it EX - Actors EX - Actors Elaborative Rehearsal – Making new Elaborative Rehearsal – Making new information meaningful by relating it to stuff you information meaningful by relating it to stuff you already know (Makes it more effective) already know (Makes it more effective)

Three Processes of Memory (2) cont…  Organizational Systems – organizing information into “files” or “folders” in our head  Filing Errors – “Filing” information incorrectly EX – Thinking that someone sings a song EX – Thinking that someone sings a song when they don’t when they don’t

Three Processes of Memory (3)  3) Retrieval – Locating stored info and returning it to conscious thought returning it to conscious thought Context-Dependent Memory – Memories Context-Dependent Memory – Memories that come back because you are in a that come back because you are in a certain place certain place State-Dependent Memory – Memories State-Dependent Memory – Memories recalled when you re-create the mood in recalled when you re-create the mood in which they were encoded which they were encoded On The Tip of Tongue – You are sure you know On The Tip of Tongue – You are sure you know something, you just can’t say it something, you just can’t say it (Use semantic or acoustic cues to try and get it) (Use semantic or acoustic cues to try and get it)

The importance of organizing info storage and retrieval  Write the 12 months of the year as quickly as possible. (Timed)  How did you listed them?  Put away that sheet and get out another  Quickly write down the 12 months in alphabetical order

Check Up/Write on half sheet  Describe 3 kinds of memories.  Explain what flashbulb memories are.  Write down 3 kinds of memory you have learned about so far. Next to each, give an example of how you have used that type of memory recently.

How Does Your Memory Work?  ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg

Warm up 3/31/15  When was the last time you had a tip-of-the- tongue experience?  Explain what you did to try to retrieve it

Three Stages of Memory (1)  1) Sensory Memory – 1 st Stage of Memory Immediate, initial recording of memory Immediate, initial recording of memory (it only lasts a short time) (it only lasts a short time) Iconic Memory – VERY short, accurate Iconic Memory – VERY short, accurate photographic memories (Brief…< 1 sec) photographic memories (Brief…< 1 sec) Eidetic Imagery – What we think of as Eidetic Imagery – What we think of as photographic memory (For a Period of photographic memory (For a Period of Time) Time) Echoic Memory – Traces of sound held for Echoic Memory – Traces of sound held for several seconds…why acoustic codes are easier to several seconds…why acoustic codes are easier to remember remember

Three Stages of Memory (2)  2) Short-Term Memory (STM) – AKA “Working Memory” – When you are thinking about something (long enough to use - # from the phonebook) The Primacy and Recency Effects – Its The Primacy and Recency Effects – Its easier to remember the first and last easier to remember the first and last items of a sequence items of a sequence Primacy Effect – Ability to recall the initial Primacy Effect – Ability to recall the initial items in a sequence items in a sequence Recency Effect – Ability to recall the last items Recency Effect – Ability to recall the last items in a sequence in a sequence

Three Stages of Memory (2)  Chunking – Organization of items into familiar/manageable units familiar/manageable units  Interference – When new info takes place of what is already there Most people can hold SEVEN items of Most people can hold SEVEN items of information (Because STM is like a shelf) information (Because STM is like a shelf)

Three Stages of Memory (3)  3) Long-Term Memory (LTM) – You have to take steps to move it from STM → LTM (Things like Maintenance Rehearsal and (Things like Maintenance Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal) Elaborative Rehearsal) Capacity of Memory – No limit to how Capacity of Memory – No limit to how much we can remember (Limited only by much we can remember (Limited only by attention we pay to things) attention we pay to things)

Three Stages of Memory (3)  Memory as Reconstructive – Not recorded and played back, but reconstructed from small pieces (Why 2 people can have completely different memories of the same event)  Schemas – Mental framework that helps us organize/interpret information that we get –Influences how we perceive things and the ways our memories store what we perceive

Basic Memory tasks… 1. To Recall 2. To Recognize 3. To Relearn

How Does Your Memory Work?  ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg ElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg  Parts 3 + 4

Case study  Take 20 min to read “Can we trust eyewitness testimony” and answer the think about it question. Be ready to share

Group work  In groups of at least 2 but no more than four………

Case Study and Questions

Forgetting and Memory Improvement  Basic Memory Tasks Recognition – Identifying objects/events Recognition – Identifying objects/events that have been encountered before that have been encountered before (This is why multiple choice tests are (This is why multiple choice tests are easier – you just recognize the answer) easier – you just recognize the answer) Recall – To bring information back to Recall – To bring information back to mind mind Relearning – Learning material a second time Relearning – Learning material a second time (Usually occurs faster than the 1 st ) (Usually occurs faster than the 1 st )

4/2/15  Only 2 days to go………..  “Intelligence is inherited and cannot be changed no matter how hard you try”. Prepare an argument that emphasizes nurture as an element of intelligence.

Different Kinds of Forgetting  Decay – Fading away of a memory (Decay and Interference are types of short term memory loss) (Decay and Interference are types of short term memory loss)

Repression  An idea from Freud that we push information out of our consciousness because it is painful or unpleasant –Ex. You forgot to go to the dentist on purpose; b/c you know its unpleasant, painful, not fun

Amnesia  Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue and illness Infantile Amnesia – Forgetting of events Infantile Amnesia – Forgetting of events before you were 3…has nothing to do before you were 3…has nothing to do with age with age WHY?? 1. Brain pathways aren’t complete WHY?? 1. Brain pathways aren’t complete 2. Hippocampus (Which stores 2. Hippocampus (Which stores memories) isn’t complete memories) isn’t complete 3. Not interested in making memories 3. Not interested in making memories 4. Information isn’t made meaningful, so its lost 4. Information isn’t made meaningful, so its lost

Amnesia  Anterograde Amnesia – Prevents a person from making new memories (Typically from brain damage)  Retrograde Amnesia – Forgetting the time period before the trauma

Improving Memory (1)  Drill and Practice – Over and Over Again  Relate To Things You Already Know – You have to think more deeply to do this so you remember  Form Unusual Associations – Sticks out in your mind

Improving Memory (2)  Construct Links – Peso – People pay with money  Use Mnemonic Devices – Systems for remembering information (Acronym, Jingle, Phrase, etc…) EX – ROY G. BIV EX – ROY G. BIV  Loci Method- Using a familiar path and landmarks, you associate information with each stop